A Model for Flooding Prediction in Circular Tubes

Flooding phenomenon limits the stability and the flow of a liquid film falling along the walls of a channel in which a gas is flowing upwards.As known, the entrainment effect can completely prevent the liquid to fall from its natural flow. The present work proposes a new mechanistic model for the prediction of the onset of flooding in vertical and inclined pipes in the presence of obstructions, as well as taking into account the viscosity effect. The good performance of the model in the different geometrical conditions and for variable viscosities of the liquid component assesses the validity of the hypothesis that the instability of a wavelike disturbance limits the countercurrent flow in a channel.     

Electron spectroscopies and their use for materials characterization

We present here a general overview of electron spectroscopies from a practical point of view. The most frequently used ones are described and the type of structural information they can provide on materials is explained in relation to the physical processes on which they are based. Furthermore, we explore critically and in detail various tools that have been developed to allow a systematic solving of structures by these spectroscopies.     

316奥氏体不锈钢引入孪晶的晶界工程

利用优化了的，包括3％预应变、1240K温度下退火72h的一步形变热处理工艺来引入孪晶的晶界工程，在316奥氏体不锈钢中引入了高比例（86％）的重合位置点阵（CSL）晶界。处理后的不锈钢在硫酸铁腐蚀实验的测试过程中表现出了良好的抗晶间腐蚀性能。在奥氏体不锈钢的晶界工程化过程中，超过82％的CSL晶界比例可能导致大角度晶界在每个阈值处的渗滤率非常低，并且产生良好的抗晶间腐蚀性。     

不镀锡钢罐头盒铝盖的点腐蚀

由不镀锡钢制成的带铝合金易开盖的双金属罐头盒,可用来盛装含离子的酒类、果汁等饮料。不镀锡钢罐体的静电位比铝合金点蚀电位的惰性大,会导致铝合金盖的原电池腐蚀。因此,我们研究了两种防止这种腐蚀的方法:(1)使铝合金具有较高的(惰性较大)点蚀电位;(2)选用一种牺牲阳极材料进行覆盖的技术。此外,为了研制抗点蚀的罐盖用铝合金(即具有更大惰性的点蚀电位),研究出了快速测定铝合金点蚀电位的Cu~(2+)离子法,这种方法正在用于研究各种添加元素带来的影响。采用这种方法发展了一种Al-Si-Cu-Mn合金,当罐内Cl~-离子浓度超过1000ppm时,这种合金也不会产生点腐蚀。这些特性使它用作含离子酒类的容器是安全可靠的。当罐内的CI~-离子浓度超过1000ppm时,可以在铝盖上包覆一层牺牲阳极材料。     

LASER CLADDED TiCN COATINGS ON THE SURFACE OF TTTANIUM

Laser cladded coatings of TiCN were produced on the surface of titanium. To obtain the optimal techniques, several conditions were tested by varying the laser scanning rate. The choice of shielding gas was also studied. The cladded coatings were then evaluated from the surface mechanics point of view based on their microhardness. The microstructure of some interesting samples was investigated by optical micrographs （OM）. The results showed that under the condition of fixed pulse frequency and pulse width, the laser scanning rate and the shielding gas are the main factors influencing the components of coatings. TiCN coatings were decompounded and oxidized during the cladding process in the condition of no shielding gas of N2. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the composite coatings composed of TiCN, TiC, Ti2N, and TiO2 were produced using appropriate techniques. The results indicated that the best condition in terms of the surface microhardness is obtained when the scanning rate is 1.5mm/s, the pulse frequency is 15Hz, the pulse width is 3.0ms, and N2 is chosen as the shielding gas. The microhardness of the composite coatings is about 1331kg · mm^-2, which is about 4 times that of the substrate. The optical micrographs indicated that the cladding zone is made up of TiCN, TiO2 and some interdendritic Ti, but the diffusion zone mainly consists of the dendrites phase, and the cladded depth is about 80μm, which is more than 2 times that of the laser nitrided sample. There were no microcracks or air bubbles in the cladded sample, which was cladded using the above optimal techniques.