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951.
On the effect of spatial variances in historical rainfall time series to CSO performance evaluation.
Historical, high-resolution rain series are the backbone of modern combined sewer overflow (CSO) structure design. These rain series are the input to the computational estimation of the performance of the measures with respect to CSO pollution abatement. However, those historical precipitation measurements are available at only a few locations. Frequently rain series have to be used from gauging stations at a significant distance. In order to judge and to compensate for this influence an estimate between rain characteristics and combined sewer outflow (CSO) performance indicators would be useful. In this paper such correlations have been sought for a collection of 37 rain series covering large areas of Europe. It was found that the mean annual rain volume can explain most of the variances for the performance indicators Number of overflows and CSO volume. For explaining the spatial differences in the efficiency of the CSO structure another rain characteristic, i.e. the maximum event with a return period of one year, is to be used. 相似文献
952.
953.
954.
In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm called minimum fusion Steiner tree (MFST) for energy efficient data gathering with aggregation (fusion) in wireless sensor networks. Different from existing schemes, MFST not only optimizes over the data transmission cost, but also incorporates the cost for data fusion, which can be significant for emerging sensor networks with vectorial data and/or security requirements. By employing a randomized algorithm that allows fusion points to be chosen according to the nodes' data amounts, MFST achieves an approximation ratio of 5/4log(k + 1), where k denotes the number of source nodes, to the optimal solution for extremely general system setups, provided that fusion cost and data aggregation are nondecreasing against the total input data. Consequently, in contrast to algorithms that only excel in full or nonaggregation scenarios without considering fusion cost, MFST can thrive in a wide range of applications 相似文献
955.
Pallem C. Chowdhuri P. Demko J.A. Gouge M.J. 《Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on》2006,16(1):31-37
The objective of this work was to determine the significant parameters of a 3-GW 200-kV dc superconducting cable system which influence the transient voltage distribution in the various parts of the cable. The cable system consists of four coaxial metallic cylinders. It was found that the dielectric constant and the electrical resistivity of the soil significantly affect the severity of the transient voltages; lower dielectric constant and higher resistivity of the soil will increase the magnitudes of the transient voltages by increasing the earth-return impedance. It was also found that the effect of the conductor internal impedances of the cable is insignificant. Shorting the coaxial cylinders of the cryogen flow and the cryostat will lessen the severity of the transient voltages. Grounding the second, third, and fourth cylinders at regular intervals with low-impedance grounding impedance will also improve the transient performance of the cable. More research is needed to evaluate these procedures. 相似文献
956.
Ouzounov S. Hegt H. van Roermund A. 《Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on》2006,53(5):399-403
A new type of sigma-delta modulator that operates in a special mode named limit-cycle mode (LCM) is proposed. In this mode, most of the SDM building blocks operate at a frequency that is an integer fraction of the applied sampling frequency. That brings several very attractive advantages: a reduction of the required power consumption per converted bandwidth, an immunity to excessive loop delays and to digital-analog converter waveform asymmetry and a higher tolerance to clock imperfections. The LCMs are studied via a graphical application of the describing function theory. A second-order continuous time SDM with 5 MHz conversion bandwidth, 1 GHz sampling frequency and 125 MHz limit-cycle frequency is used as a test case for the evaluation of the performance of the proposed type of modulators. High level and transistor simulations are presented and compared with the traditional SDM designs. 相似文献
957.
M. J. O’Sullivan C. G. Walker M. L. O’Sullivan T. D. Thompson A. B. Philpott 《Telecommunication Systems》2006,33(4):353-376
The problem of designing fibre-optic networks for local-access telecommunications generates (at least) three non-trivial subproblems.
In the first of these subproblems one must determine how many fibre-optic cables (fibres) are required at either end of a
street. In the next subproblem a minimum-cost network must be designed to support the fibres. The network must also provide
distinct paths from either end of the street to the central exchange(s). Finally, the fibre-optic cables must be placed in
protective covers. These covers are available in a number of different sizes, allowing some flexibility when covering each
section of the network. In this paper we describe a dynamic programming (DP) formulation for finding a minimum-cost (protective)
covering for the network (the third of the subproblems). This problem is a generalised set covering problem with side constraints
and is further complicated by the introduction of fixed and variable welding costs. The DP formulation selects covers along
each arc (in the network), but cannot exactly model the fixed costs and so does not guarantee optimality. We also describe
an integer programming (IP) formulation for assessing the quality of the DP solutions. The cost of the networks constructed
by the IP model is less than those designed using the DP model, but the saving is not significant for the problems examined
(less than 0.1%). This indicates that the DP model will generally give very good solutions. Furthermore, as the problem dimensions
grow, DP gives significantly better solution times than IP. 相似文献
958.
959.
Nonlinear dynamics of crack propagation are investigated experimentally and theoretically with the goal of clarifying the nature of limiting crack velocity, the transition from steady state to branching regimes of crack dynamics, and the dynamics of crack arrest. The theoretical explanation of limiting steady-state crack velocity and the transition to a branching regime was proposed due to the study of collective behavior of a microcrack ensemble at the crack tip area. The experimental study of crack dynamics was carried out in a preloaded plate PMMA specimen using the high-speed camera coupled with the photo-elasticity method, the point stress recording with a laser system, and the failure surface roughness measurement. 相似文献
960.
Commercial purity aluminum (99.5%) was fabricated by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to total accumulated strains of approx. 10. The annealing behavior of material deformed to total strains of approx. 1 and 10 was investigated, using heat treatments of 2 h at various temperatures from 100 to 500 °C. The microstructure of the annealed materials was characterized using the electron back-scatter pattern technique. A number of parameters were determined including the distribution and average values of both the boundary spacings and misorientations. For samples deformed to a total strain of 1, annealing resulted in discontinuous recrystallization. For samples deformed to a total strain of 10, annealing resulted in microstructures exhibiting characteristics of both uniform coarsening and, in a number of places, of discontinuous recrystallization. An attempt was made, based on the boundary spacing distributions, to separate these two components. The grain size after annealing was still however small, being just 6.4 μm after 2 h at 300 °C. 相似文献