An empirical approach to the characterization of background signatures in the thermal infrared spectral region

The detectability of an object in the infrared spectral region is, next to its own thermal characteristics, determined by the thermal behaviour of the background, that is, the thermodynamics of various elements, such as grass, trees and soil. In this sense, the temperature and emissivity variation of these background elements as a function of position, viewing angle and time is of major importance.

To determine the feasibility of empirical background temperature models, apparent temperatures of various background elements and meteorological parameters were recorded at 15-minute intervals over a period of one year, at the Gilze-Rijen air force base in the Netherlands (51°32°N, 5°51′E). Subsequently, this data was used to generate an empirical background temperature model.     

HlGt-i TEMPERATURE-SHORT TIME (HTST) PROCESSING OF SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING BACTERIAL SPORES

HTST sterilization of nutrient broth containing particles inoculated with B. subtilis 5230 spores was evaluated. The particles were tight rolls of chromatography paper 12.7 mm long by 7.64 mm in diam. Presence of these particles increased the time needed to sterilize the broth. These results are quantitatively presented as a protection ratio. For nutrient broth containing paper rolls, the protection ratio was of no concern at a processing temperature of 240° F, began to become important at 250° F and became the dominant factor at 260° F and above. It is thus established that the time of a HTST process of liquids containing particles differs significantly from HTST processing of clear liquids. For example, this difference should apply to commercial HTST processing of meat in a gravy stew or dumplings in a chicken soup as contrasted with consommes or to fermentation mashes as compared to fermentation broths.     

Opacifying Crystalline Phases Present in Zirconium-Type Glazes

Various zirconium-type opacifiers were used in a group of glazes maturing in the range cone 04 to cone 11 and the crystalline phase producing opacity in these fired glazes was studied by elevated-temperature X-ray diffraction techniques. The results definitely show that zirconium silicate is the major crystalline phase that promotes opacity regardless of the zirconium opacifying agent added. The foregoing conclusion pertains only to the opacifying particle; this should not be construed to mean that other important characteristics of glazes do not vary with the form of zirconium addition. These other aspects will be discussed in detail in another paper.     

Microstructural Characterization of CdTe(211)B/ZnTe/Si(211) Heterostructures Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Transmission electron microscopy and small-probe microanalysis have been used to investigate the microstructure and compositional profiles of CdTe(211)B/ZnTe/Si(211) heterostructures. Thin ZnTe buffer layers and subsequent thick CdTe layers were grown on Si(211) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Many {111}-type stacking faults were found to be present throughout the entire ZnTe layer, terminating near the point of initiation of CdTe growth. A rotation angle of about 3.5° was observed between lattice planes of the Si substrate and the final CdTe epilayer. Local lattice parameter measurement and elemental profiles indicated that some intermixing of Zn and Cd had taken place. The average widths of the ZnTe layer and the (Cd,Zn)Te transition region were found to be roughly 6.5 nm and 3.5 nm, respectively.     

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格尔曼·德尔·索尔是一名智利建筑师,他从智利当地景观中得到灵感,在他的一些温泉项目中,他将温泉的自然资源与多彩的建筑和绿色屋顶相结合。     

DISTINGUISHING ACTIONABLE VERSUS INACTIONABLE ATTRIBUTES

This paper distinguishes between two classes of product attributes, actionable attributes and inactionable ones. Actionable attributes are those which (a) can be optimized by varying the types and levels of ingredients in a product and (b) probably reflect true sensory orperceptual responses to products. Examples are sweetness, fragrance, softness, and the like. Inactionable attributes are those which cannot be optimized in this way, no matter what type or level of ingredient is varied. These inactionable attributes may reflect alternate ways of saying “degree of liking”. Actionable attributes can be distinguished from inactionable ones by contrasting the attribute profile of existingproducts versus ideal products, or versus concepts when products, concepts and ideals are profiled on the same attributes and scales. This must be done in the same study, however.     

Environmental Auditing and Management in Local Government

New holistic approaches to environmental management by local authorities are described. Two kinds of audit, the state of the environment report and the internal audit, are defined. State of the environment reports are assessments of the condition of the local environment, generally based on existing data. They provide information about the environment to the general public and enable councils to determine environmental strategy priorities. They are giving local authorities a new environmental stewardship function. An internal audit is an assessment not only of the authority's impacts as a producer but of its environmental interactions as a regulator, influencer and manager of the environment. For some councils, auditing is becoming a continuous process through which environmental factors can be taken into account as a routine part of policy making and implementation.
Both kinds of audit are changing the relationships of local authorities, reducing internal departmentalism and leading to wider consultation and partnership with local communities.