A novel method to analyse in vivo the physiological state and cell viability of phototrophic microorganisms by confocal laser scanning microscopy using a dual laser

Phototrophic microorganisms are very abundant in extreme environments, where are subjected to frequent and strong changes in environmental parameters. Nevertheless, little is known about the physiological effects of these changing environmental conditions on viability of these microorganisms, which are difficult to grow in solid media and have the tendency to form aggregates. For that reason, it is essential to develop methodologies that provide data in short time consuming, in vivo and with minimal manipulating the samples, in response to distinct stress conditions. In this paper, we present a novel method using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and a Dual Laser (CLSM‐DL) for determining the cell viability of phototrophic microorganisms without the need of either staining or additional use of image treating software. In order to differentiate viable and nonviable Scenedesmus sp. DE2009 cells, a sequential scan in two different channels was carried out from each same xyz optical section. On the one hand, photosynthetic pigments fluorescence signal (living cells) was recorded at the red channel (625‐ to 785‐nm fluorescence emission) exciting the samples with a 561‐nm laser diode, and an acousto‐optic tunable filter (AOTF) of 20%. On the other hand, nonphotosynthetic autofluorescence signal (dead cells) was recorded at the green channel (500‐ to 585‐nm fluorescence emission) using a 405‐nm UV laser, an AOTF of 15%. Both types of fluorescence signatures were captured with a hybrid detector. The validation of the CLSM‐DL method was performed with SYTOX green fluorochrome and electron microscopic techniques, and it was also applied for studying the response of distinct light intensities, salinity doses and exposure times on a consortium of Scenedesmus sp. DE2009.     

Comparison of make-to-order job shops with different machine layouts and production control systems

This research project examines the performance of job shops with different machine layouts and production control systems. Job shops examined in this study operate in a make-to-order environment. Results indicate that the material requirements planning order-release-and-due-date-assignment procedure always performs better than that of the period batch control. Cellular layout, however, performs better at a high setup-to-processing-time ratio, while the process layout performs better at a low setup-to-processing-time ratio     

A simulation comparison of group technology with traditional job shop manufacturing

A simulation model of an actual job shop was used to compare group technology with traditional job shop manufacturing. The experiment compared shops which had four different layouts, designed to emphasize different features of traditional job shops and group technology shops, and four distributions of demand for end items. The group technology shops exhibited superior performance in terms of average move time and average set-up time. The traditional job shops had superior performance in queue related variables (average queue length, average waiting time, work-in-process inventory, etc.). This was caused by group technology's dedication of machines. The effects of the queue related variables outweighed the effects of average move time and average set-up time: the average flow time was shorter in the traditional job shop than in the group technology shops.     

Properties of Frankfurters Made From Electrically Stimulated Beef

Frankfurters (3 replications of 4.54 kg meat batches) were conventionally made. Paired sides from beef were used for control (NES) and electrically stimulated (ES) meats (clods, flanks and plates). All-beef frankfurters (100% ES beef or 100% NES beef) and beef-pork frankfurters (80% ES beef-20% pork or 80% NES beef-20% pork) were made. The pork was not electrically stimulated. Proximate composition within cut of beef (plate, flank, clod) was not affected (P > 0.05) by ES. However, ES clods had (numerically) greater percentages of expressible juice loss, greater percentages of salt-soluble protein and lower percentages of juice loss during cooking than did NES clods (not statistically different). Use of ES beef alone or in combination with 20% pork did not affect external visual color, off-flavor, overall desirability or processing shrinkage of frankfurters. ES may affect certain properties (raw and cooked muscles) as measured in the laboratory, but when these ES muscles are used to make frankfurters, no real advantages or disadvantages were suggested by this study.     

11号花园 小心地触摸

现在,大自然面临着日益增多的潜在威胁,这个脆弱的花园邀请您小心地触摸各种植物。我们不清楚未来将给我们带来什么,也不了解我们未来的生活将会是怎样。是否一直都有大自然、森林生存的地方？是否我们要建造的每一栋房子都有一个小花园？是否我们应该相信媒体试图让我们相信的,一切都将越来越好、更快捷、更便利。