The lived experience of nursing students in caring for suffering individuals

Most nursing school curricula address the pathologic nature of illness, the nursing care of clients who are ill, the prevention of illness, and the promotion of health. There seems to be minimal discussion, however, both in nursing curricula and in textbooks, of the alleviation of suffering or of how nurses know that someone is suffering. The article describes a phenomenologic analysis of 12 nursing students' lived experiences of caring for individuals who were suffering. The voices of the students as they chronicled their experiences are exemplars of clinical scholarship as described in the literature.     

An analysis of pH tolerance and substrate preference of isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria from Bufo marinus and Rana catesbeiana

1. The effects of varying pH and substrate on isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria from Bufo marinus and Rana catesbeiana were investigated. 2. For both species, VO2 max significantly decreased at all pH < 7.3 (P < 0.05), while maximum values were observed at a pH range of 7.3-7.6 with B. marinus maintaining a greater VO2 max than R. catesbeiana. 3. Respiratory control values (RCR) decreased significantly at all pH < 6.9 for both species (P < 0.05). 4. Isolated mitochondria from both species were maintained at pH = 7.2 and O2 consumption measured under five separate substrate conditions. 5. A rank preference was established based upon state 3 and RCR values. 6. Substrate preference was identical for both species and interspecific comparisons revealed differences in state 3 respiration and coupling.     

Dissecting cAMP binding domain A in the RIalpha subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Distinct subsites for recognition of cAMP and the catalytic subunit

The two gene-duplicated cAMP binding domains in the regulatory subunits of cAMP dependent protein kinase are each comprised of an A helix, an eight-stranded beta-barrel, and a B and C helix (1). The A domain is required for high affinity binding to C, while the B domain regulates access to the A domain. Using a combination of a yeast two-hybrid screen coupled with deletion analysis, cAMP binding domain A of RI was dissected into two structurally and functionally distinct subsites, one that binds cAMP and another that binds the C subunit. The minimum stable subdomain required for binding to C in the 1-3 micromolar range is composed of residues 94-169, while residues 236-244, mapped to the C helix of cAMP binding domain A, were defined as a second surface necessary for high affinity (5-10 nanomolar) binding to C. This portion of the C helix, due to its position directly between the two subsites, serves as a molecular switch for either a cAMP-bound conformation or a C-bound conformation and can thus modulate interactions of cAMP binding domain A with cAMP, with C, and with cAMP binding domain B.     

All-trans beta-carotene is absorbed preferentially to 9-cis beta-carotene, but the latter accumulates in the tissues of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius puro)

The algae Dunaliella bardawil and Dunaliella salina naturally contain large concentrations of all-trans and 9-cis beta-carotene (betaC). The purpose of this study was to compare the relative serum and tissue accumulation of all-trans and 9-cis betaC in ferrets fed different ratios of all-trans/9-cis betaC derived from two commercial sources, D. bardawil or D. salina (Betatene). Male ferrets (7 wk old) were fed carotene-free, pelleted diets for 27 d. Beginning on d 18, groups of ferrets (n = 6 or 7) received daily, one of six oral supplements varying in ratios of 9-cis and all-trans betaC mixed with approximately 1.0mL of Ensure. Four supplements containing 5.2-8.3 micromol total betaC were prepared from a 20% Betatene preparation, D. bardawil, a high-cis Betatene preparation, and Betatene further enriched in 9-cis betaC with all-trans betaC/9-cis betaC ratios of 2.2, 1.5, 0.6 and 0.4, respectively. Two control supplements, high and low betaC, were prepared from commercial betaC beadlets. The high control supplement had an all-trans/9-cis ratio of 19.0, whereas 9-cis betaC was not detected in the low supplement. On d 27, serum and tissues were obtained for HPLC analysis of betaC and its isomers. Analysis of livers showed that all-trans betaC was the primary isomer present, but 9-cis and other isomers were also detected in all groups. The hepatic all-trans/9-cis ratios were 5.9, 4.9, 2.5, 1.4, 52.2 and47.5, respectively, for the groups listed above. Lower amounts of all-trans and 9-cis betaC were found in kidneys compared with the liver, but ratios of all-trans/9-cis were not different among groups. Only trace amounts of 9-cis betaC were found in serum. These results demonstrate that the algae D. bardawil and D. salina provide a bioavailable source of betaC isomers, but, as in humans, absorption of 9-cis betaC is poor and any 9-cis betaC absorbed is apparently cleared by the liver.     

Rethinking the comparison of borderline personality disorder and multiple personality disorder

This article has made a number of points that assert what is today a minority position within the fields of MPD/DID and BPD. We hope our views will stimulate attempts by others to rethink their positions and test our assertions, so that issues surrounding these two disorders can be sharpened. For the sake of the clarity of future work, we summarize in outline form the essence of our viewpoint. 1. BPD and MPD/DID have similar appearing symptoms, such as identity problems, unstable affect modulation, self-destructive behaviors, chaotic impulse control, and troubled interpersonal relationships, but they have decisive differences in underlying dynamics, process, and structure. 2. DSM tends to blur these two disorders by its emphasis on phenomenology over inner structure, thus fostering misleading conclusions when DSM criteria are used to test for comorbidity or overlap between BPD and MPD/DID. 3. BPD and MPD/DID are both described dynamically as using the defense of splitting, but we contend that the splitting in each disorder is fundamentally different from the splitting in the other. BPD uses a polarization form of splitting, whereas MPD/DID uses ego splitting or identity division. 4. Both disorders partake in the process of dissociation, but the quality of dissociation in BPD is a "low-tech" spaced out type, whereas that of MPD/DID is a "high-tech" waking dream. 5. BPD structure is also "low tech," with polarization of self, object, and relationship. MPD/DID structure is "high tech," with heavily symbolic, highly nuanced variations of self, object, and relationship. 6. Although both conditions have etiologic elements of trauma, BPD has a larger degree of developmental deficiency, with a failure to complete the task of entering a repression hierarchy of defenses. MPD/DID, by use of primary process-linked symbolic dissociation, is able to continue development to the repression hierarchy, although at a profound cost of simultaneous suspension of reality testing. BPD patients suffer from the rigid use of too few defenses; MPD/DID patients suffer from the obsolete use of too many defenses. 7. BPD patients grow up in homes in which overtly expressed aggression is more tolerated, or at least more openly experienced. MPD/DID patients grow up in homes in which the fact of aggression is kept a secret. This has consequences for the formation of psychic structure in each disorder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Vibration and damping characteristics of CNTR viscoelastic skewed shell structures under the influence of hygrothermal conditions

Engineering with Computers - The vibration and damping characteristics of carbon nanotubes reinforced (CNTR) skewed shell structure under a hygrothermal environment have been investigated using the...     

Physiatric research fellows'' perceptions of the quality of their training

After being poisoned by eating the mushroom species Cortinarius speciosissimus, a twin developed interstitial nephritis with acute renal failure. He received a renal transplant from his living twin brother, who was presumed dizygotic on phenotypic grounds. Fifteen years later, the twins were zygosity tested by DNA "fingerprint analysis" and found to be monozygotic, despite important phenotypic discordances. The recipient has discontinued immunosuppression therapy and remains well after 9 months. We suggest that, for medical and other reasons, zygosity should be determined at birth on all like-sexed twins.     

Stable, scalable, fair congestion control and AQM schemes that achieve high utilization in the Internet

Virtual queue-based active queue management schemes have been proposed to provide low-loss, low-delay service in the Internet. In an earlier work, we had proposed a particular scheme called the adaptive virtual queue (AVQ) algorithm where the capacity of the virtual queue is adapted to the traffic conditions to achieve a desired level of utilization in the network. Here, we study the choice of the parameters of the congestion-controllers at the sources and the AVQ scheme at the links that is required to ensure stability. In particular, we consider a system in which users with diverse round-trip delays and fairness requirements access a general topology network. For this system, we show that, by choosing the speed of adaptation at the sources and the links appropriately, one can guarantee the stability of the network.