CO2 process intensification of algae oil extraction to biodiesel

Algae-to-biodiesel processes are hindered by high costs and low energy return on investment.^1,2. Herein, three foci in research improve algae-to-biodiesel processes by: (1) reducing high installation and energy costs in the CO₂ sequestration, cultivation, and harvesting stages; (2) improving oil extraction and biodiesel generation; and (3) increasing utilization of the proteins in lipid-extracted biomass (e.g., for animal feed), as well as the omega-3 fatty acids for nutraceuticals and food supplements. A process is introduced that uses carbon dioxide to aid in all three of these foci. CO₂ is used first in the form of microbubbles to lyse algae cell walls, releasing triglyceride oils. CO₂ also aids with transesterification of these triglycerides using methanol. At low temperatures (353.15–368.15 K) and intermediate pressures (5–10 MMPa), carbon dioxide causes methanol to dissolve partially in the triglyceride phase and triglyceride to dissolve partially in the methanol phase, increasing the transesterification reaction rate. Due to the nondestructive nature of these processes, other metabolites can also be harvested providing improvements in both mass and economic efficiency with an overall sharp reduction in the modeled price of biodiesel.     

Development and implementation of a hybrid scale up model for a batch high shear wet granulation operation

The high shear wet granulation (HSWG) operation consists of several rate processes influenced by the raw material properties, process operational parameters, and equipment design. Their combined effect determines the granule attributes. In literature, these rate processes have been modeled using different dimensionless numbers and their correlations. Each of these dimensionless numbers represent only certain rate processes. Since many of these rate processes occur at the same time, it is necessary to simultaneously model them to account for all the important degrees of freedom. Most of the HSWG scale up approaches in literature calculate scale up conditions based on a single rate process or operating parameter of interest that can lead to sub-optimal process design. We present the development of a hybrid HSWG scale up model accounting simultaneously for all the rate processes. The approach was successfully implemented to scale up the HSWG operation across laboratory, pilot, and commercial scales.     

PSO_SVM算法在太阳能电池板裂缝缺陷检测研究

针对太阳能电池板在生产过程中出现的裂缝问题,在太阳能电池板缺陷数据集有限的条件下,提出应用粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)优化支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)的太阳能电池板裂缝缺陷检测算法。首先,为减少图像采集过程中由电致发光(electroluminescence,EL)检测产生的光照分布不均影响,对太阳能电池板组件图像进行Retinex增强处理;其次,在频域上利用Gabor变换对图像进行纹理特征提取,以获取裂缝特征;最后,将各个太阳能电池板组件的纹理特征经主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)降维后输入到PSOSVM系统中进行分类识别。应用该方法对600幅太阳能电池板EL图像进行实验,仅有1幅出现误检,分类识别准确率为99.33%。将该算法与决策树分类、极限学习机、卷积神经网络及SVM算法进行对比实验,PSOSVM获得最高识别准确率。     

复合材料瓦推力轴承热弹性动力润滑研究

为了解决蓄能机组复合材料瓦面推力轴承的计算问题,根据流体润滑理论,建立了流体动力润滑数学模型,并对某蓄能机组复合材料瓦推力轴承进行热弹性流体动力润滑计算分析.对比PEEK复合材料瓦和钨金瓦推力轴承表明,PEEK复合材料瓦变形小,瓦温低,可以替代钨金瓦推力轴承.研究成果可以应用于相似结构和材料的推力轴承计算分析.复合材料瓦推力轴承可以应用于蓄能机组中.     

Localized swelling of Fe-Cr-Ni alloy rollers in high-temperature applications

Localized swelling has been observed in 24Cr-24Ni-Nb steel transportation rollers used in the normalizing furnace of a plate mill after prolonged service at high temperature. Due to high localized thermal and mechanical stresses, the chromia layer formed on the roller surface ruptures, exposing the roller substrate to furnace oxygen. Oxidation of second-phase carbides results in the formation of carbon monoxide at very high partial pressure. This leads to formation of voids, leading in turn to localized swelling of the roller material.     

熔体快淬La1-xNdxFe11．5Si1．5（x=0，0．3，0.5）化合物磁性能和磁熵变

利用熔体快淬法制备了La1-xNdxFe11．5Si1．5（x=0，0．3，0.5）快淬带。通过X射线衍射和振动样品磁强计测试了回火态（1000℃，5h）La1-xNdxFe11．5Si1．5）快淬带的相组成和磁性能。结果表明：不同成分快淬带回火后均可得到稳定的NaZnl，型化合物。和常规的熔炼法相比，用熔体快淬法通过短时间的回火（1000℃，5h）可以制成具有大磁熵变的NaZn13型的化合物。用Nd替代部分的La后，居里温度略有提高，同时保持有大的磁熵变｜△S｜；并且随着Nd含量的增加，有效制冷温区有变宽的趋势。     

少量添加稀土元素Nd和Er对挤压态Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn镁合金干摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、透射电镜、硬度计、3D轮廓仪和UMT-3型摩擦磨损试验机研究了复合添加微量Nd和Er元素对Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn干摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明，添加微量Nd和Er元素后，晶界处种类和数量更多的金属间化合物会阻碍晶界的迁移和滑移，基体中动态析出的β_1^"相密度增大且平均长度减小，更多的动态析出相以及弥散分布的金属间化合物提高了使基体的硬度，降低了磨损量。Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn合金在5N低载荷下的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主，并伴有氧化磨损；当载荷增大至20N，磨粒磨损明显减弱，氧化磨损程度增大。复合添加微量Nd和Er后，Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn-0.6Nd-0.3Er合金在低载荷下（5N）的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主，伴有氧化磨损和黏附磨损；由于耐磨性提高，当载荷增大至20N，磨损机制仍以磨粒磨损为主，黏附磨损程度有所减弱，并伴有氧化磨损。     

激光熔凝的数值模拟及其在激光定向凝固中的应用

建立了一套激光熔凝的数学模型和计算方法 ,给出了两种条件下熔池深度与扫描速度的关系曲线。计算结果与实验值吻合良好 ,验证了模型的有效性。根据计算分析了激光工艺参数与激光定向凝固组织的关系。据此通过工艺参数的匹配 ,在熔池顶部得到了与扫描方向完全一致的凝固组织     

铸态QT450-12轮毂均衡凝固补缩工艺试验

介绍球铁轮毂铸件的工艺改进过程.生产实践证明,按照均衡凝固的补缩原则,对结构上具有多个独立热节的球铁小件,通过设置相对独立的冒口,有效提供补缩液源,强化补缩,是获得致密健全铸件的重要技术措施.     

铸钢件冒口离开热节动态顺序凝固补缩特性的研究

采用正交设计现场浇注，试验研究了铸钢件冒口离开热节动态补缩特性。结果表明，冒口位置对补缩效果影响显著，铸钢件冒口在离开铸件的几何热节处，实施动态顺序凝固补缩，提高了冒口补缩效率和工艺出品率。在试验条件下，冒口离开何热节的距离为一倍热节圆直径时，补缩效果良好。