Single nanoparticle semiconductor devices

Using a new technique in forming the cubic single-crystal silicon nanoparticles that are about 40 nm on a side, the authors have demonstrated a vertical-flow surround-gate Schottky-barrier transistor. This approach allows the use of well-known approaches to surface passivation and contact formation within the context of deposited single-crystal materials for device applications. It opens the door to the novel three-dimensional integrated circuits and new approaches to hyper integration. The fabrication process involves successive deposition and planarization and does not require nonoptical lithography. Device characteristics show reasonable turn-off characteristics and on-current densities of more than 10/sup 7/ A/cm/sup 2/.     

Analyzing correlations of three types in selected lines of Drosophila melanogaster that have evolved stable extreme geotactic performance.

The behavior–genetic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster with geotactic performance as the phenotype is an ideal model system with which to investigate the complex relations between heredity and behavior. As part of a long-term, 38-year study, we report 4 experiments that identify and analyze trait correlations in the selected high- and low-geotaxis lines. We performed F2 correlational analyses and backcrosses to examine 3 types of correlations: (a) genotype–genotype (alcohol dehydrogenase [Adh]–amylase [Amy]), (b) genotype–phenotype (Adh and Amy–geotaxis), and (c) phenotype–phenotype (mate preference–geotaxis). Only the Adh-geotaxis correlation survived meiosis and reappeared in the F2 generation, which indicates a genotype-phenotype correlation, whereas the others did not. The importance of hybrid correlational analysis to the behavior–genetic analysis of a species is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Excess noise in GaAs avalanche photodiodes with thin multiplicationregions

It is well known that the gain-bandwidth product of an avalanche photodiode can be increased by utilizing a thin multiplication region. Previously, measurements of the excess noise factor of InP-InGaAsP-InGaAs avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption and multiplication regions indicated that this approach could also be employed to reduce the multiplication noise. This paper presents a systematic study of the noise characteristics of GaAs homojunction avalanche photodiodes with different multiplication layer thicknesses. It is demonstrated that there is a definite “size effect” for multiplication regions less than approximately 0.5 μm. A good fit to the experimental data has been achieved using a discrete, nonlocalized model for the impact ionization process     

Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: Investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues.

The impact of the role of individual ethical predispositions, preferences for utilitarian and formalistic ideals, on managerial moral awareness was examined in 2 studies. Results suggested that a manager's ethical predispositions influence his or her responses to the characteristics of the moral issue. Both utilitarianism and formalism shaped moral awareness, but formalism demonstrated a greater capacity to do so in that formalists recognized both harm and the violation of a behavioral norm as indicators of the moral issue, whereas utilitarians responded only to harm. These findings provide support for the basic arguments underlying theories of moral development and offer several implications for the study and practice of moral awareness in organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hyperdynamic therapy: the nurse's role in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm

The onset of subtle diffuse ischemic neurological deficits often associated with cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The exact etiology of cerebral vasospasm is unclear. Increasing intravascular volume, decreasing blood viscosity and inducing hypertension may help prevent or diminish neurological deficits from cerebral vasospasm by improving cerebral blood flow. An intensive multidisciplinary approach is necessary with the role of the neuroscience nurse being pivotal. An understanding of the subtle neurological changes suggestive of cerebral vasospasm and its effects leads to early recognition, and allows for rapid institution of therapy.     

From beyond to within their grasp: The rudiments of analogical problem solving in 10- and 13-month-olds.

Four experiments were conducted to assess infants' ability to solve isomorphic problems and to explore the nature of early representations. Ten- and 13-month-olds attempted to solve problems that required combining 2 subgoals to bring a toy (goal object) within reach. A problem-series paradigm was used in which 3 tasks differing in surface features but sharing common goal structures and similar solutions were presented. The results indicate that 13-month-olds transferred a modeled solution strategy across isomorphic problems, whereas 10-month-olds did so only after experiencing either multiple source problems or high perceptual similarity between problems. Comprehension of the relations between solution actions and outcome, and between tools and target object, appeared critical to transfer. The results suggest that 1-year-olds can construct relatively abstract and flexible mental representations and that analogical problem solving may be 1 of the major accomplishments during the 1st year of life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in a quarter horse foal

Pulmonary rehabilitation is indicated to a wide population of patients suffering of pulmonary diseases often associated to a cardiovascular disorder. Best evaluation of the results of an exercise program, must consider the alterations of pulmonary function tests, the cardiac dysfunction, the non specific bronchial hyperresponsivness and the lung inflation. Exercise test is often performed on a cycle ergometer with an incremental or a constant load. The indications of the exercise test are: diagnostic (evaluation of effort performance, ventilatory drive and looking for an associated disorder as cardiovascular, muscles or metabolic), therapeutic (individualization of exercise program) and scientific (objective evaluation of immediate and long term results).     

Memory accessibility and probability judgments: An experimental evaluation of the availability heuristic.

Consistent with A. Tversky and D. Kahneman's (1973, 1974) availability heuristic hypothesis, the current study found a negative correlation between recall latency for past events and the perceived future probability of similar events. Furthermore, when the relative accessibility of memories of positive and negative events was experimentally manipulated using the Velten mood-induction procedure, the perceived future probabilities of similar events also changed in a manner consistent with the availability heuristic account. Reductions in recall latencies resulting from the mood manipulations were, as predicted, related to increases in perceived probability, and vice versa. Partial correlations indicated that this association between the observed patterns of changes in recall latencies and probability judgments could not be accounted for by the existence of independent associations between each of these effects and the magnitude of mood change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Design considerations for shared memory multiprocessor messagesystems

The comparative performance is studied of different message passing system designs experimentally on a shared memory Encore Multimax multiprocessor. The systems are measured both by benchmarks and by running example parallel applications. To act as a control, the shared memory machine results are compared with the performance of the benchmarks and applications on the Intel iPSC/2 running the NX/2 operating system. The design alternatives considered are buffering, buffer organization, reference and value semantics, synchronization, coordination strategy and the location of the system in user or kernel space. The results include measurements of the effects of the design alternatives, memory caching, message sizes and copying     

Development of young children's phonological and orthographic knowledge as revealed by their spellings.

Investigated the development of young children's phonological and orthographic knowledge by obtaining nonword spellings from a total of 187 children (45 each from kindergarten, 1st, and 2nd grade, and 52 from 3rd grade). Results indicated that young children's nonword spellings reflect the joint influences of linguistic knowledge (orthographic and phonological) and psychological processes (working memory limitations) and that these influences vary developmentally. Limited working memory constrains the spelling performance of younger children but not that of older children. For younger children, individual differences in phonological awareness and in working memory account for nearly all of the shared variance between spelling and word decoding; for older children, additional factors are also implicated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)