Biofuel Production: A Promising Direction for Reducing Carbon Footprint in the Transition to Green Energy

Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils - The article presents the measures of state regulation of the European Union countries to create incentives to reduce the carbon footprint. Information...     

Exponential Time Differencing Algorithm for Debye Medium in FDTD

The exponential time differencing (ETD) formultion is proposed for Debye medium using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The schemes of the auxiliary differential equation (ADE) and ETD algorithms are presented. The algorithms are validated by comparing the simulation results with analytical values. The ETD method costs the same memory as the ADE method, and the numerical results indicate that the ETD technique is more accurate than the ADE method.     

Photosensitivity of p Si- n (GaSb)1 ? x ? y (Si2) x (GaAs) y , p Si- n (GaSb)1 ? x ? y (Si2) x (GaAs) y ,- n (GaSb) structures

Two-stage buffer n(GaSb)_{1 − x − y} (Si₂) _x (GaAs) _y and perfect n(GaSb) layers are grown on an pSi substrate by liquid-phase epitaxy from a tin solution-melt. It is shown that the photosensitivity of the pSi−n(GaSb)_{1 − x − y} (Si₂) _x (GaAs) _y structures is in the spectral range 1.0-1.6 eV, and that of the pSi − n (GaSb)_{1 − x − y} (Si₂) _x (GaAs) _{y − n} (GaSb) structures is in the range 0.62-1.15 eV. Original Russian Text ? A.S. Saidov, M.S. Saidov, Sh.N. Usmonov, D. Saparov, K.T. Kholikov, 2008, published in Geliotekhnika, 2008, No. 3, pp. 56–58.     

Analysis of interface recombination and self-absorption effect on the performance of QWIP-HBT-LED integrated device

In this paper, the effect of interface recombination and self-absorption within the light emitting diode (LED) active region on the efficiency of QWIP-HBT-LED integrated device is considered. This device is composed of a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP), a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) and an LED. The evaluation is based on solving the continuity equation describing the carrier diffusion within the LED active region. Analytical expression describing the effect of self-absorption and surface recombination on the LED quantum efficiency is derived. In addition, the active region width and all interested device parameters are involved. It is observed that the quantum conversion efficiency of the device under consideration is degraded by the self-absorption and interface recombination within the recombined region of the LED. Also, the quantum conversion efficiency of the device is increased with the increase of the LED active region as long as the recombination velocity is above a specified value, while it is decreased with the increase of the LED active region as long as the recombination velocity is below this specified value.     

Raman scattering in the Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3 solid solution films

The Bi₂(Te_0.9Se_0.1)₃ solid solutions thin films are produced by ??hot wall?? thermal evaporation in vacuum. From the data of X-ray diffraction studies, atomic-force microscopy of the surface relief, and Raman spectroscopy, it is established that vacuum thermal annealing at a temperature of 200°C for 1 h substantially increases the degree of film crystallization. The laser radiation excitation power optimal for studies of the Raman spectra of the Bi₂(Te_0.9Se_0.1)₃ films is determined.     

三片式LCOS激光投影显示中复合散斑的抑制

研究了三片式硅基液晶(LCOS)激光投影显示中散斑的成因、类型及其光学统计特性,并分析了激光散斑大小的测量方法。在此基础上,选用旋转散射片来减少三片式LCOS激光投影系统中产生的复合散斑,并通过一系列的仿真和实验,使得该激光投影机对比度C降到了人眼可接受的范围4.2%。证明了旋转散射片的方法能有效减少复合散斑,具有光学结构简单、实施性强等优点。     

Cleaning Method of InSb [-1-1-1] B of n- InSb [111] A/B for growth of epitaxial layers by liquid phase epitaxy

The crystal structure of InSb [111] A/B surfaces shows that this structure is polarized. This means that the surfaces of InSb [111] A and InSb [1 1 1] B contain two different crystallized directions and they have different physical and chemical properties. Experiments were carried out on the InSb [111] A/B surfaces, showing that tartaric acid etchant could create a very smooth surface on the InSb [1 1 1] B without any traces of oxides and etch pit but simultaneously create etch pit on InSb [111] A surfaces. After lapping and polishing, some particles remained on the InSb [1 1 1] B surface, they could not be removed easily by standard cleaning process and if these particles remain on the surface of the substrate, the growth layer was not uniform and some island-like regions were observed. The purpose of this work is to remove these particles on the InSb [1 1 1] B surface. Some morphology images of both surfaces, InSb [111] A/B, will be presented.     

Characteristics of the nutrition of the male population of Ufa

The method of daily ration reproduction was used to study the actual nutrition of 25% of male subsampling comprising 674 subjects, during the epidemiological investigation of unorganized male population in a region of Ufa. The results of the study have shown that the caloric value of their nutrition does not exceed the established standards and is diminished with age. Protein consumption meets the physiological requirements, animal proteins prevail in their structure. Carbohydrate consumption is low, mainly at the expense of starch, while the share of sugar is high. Fat consumption exceeds the values recommended, mainly at the expense of saturated fatty acids. Cholesterol consumption is excessive. The established nutrition imbalance of the main food substances has evidenced the atherogenic character of the population nutrition, prevalence of animal food products in its structure, that should be taken into consideration when measures for the prevention of coronary heart disease are elaborated.     

A theoretical model of thulium-doped silica fiber's ASE in the 1900 nm waveband

A theoretical model in the 1900 nm waveband for amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of thulium-doped silica fiber is presented. The ASE spectral power as functions of the fiber length and the pump power is investigated by solving the rate and propagation equations. By calculation, when the concentration of thulium in fiber is 2.25×1025 m-3, the fiber core diameter is 2.6 μm, and the pump power is 200 mW at 808 nm, the optimal fiber length is 8.1 m, and the output power of ASE can reach 60 mW in the range o...     

一种Ka频段超低交叉极化宽频带波纹喇叭天线

波纹喇叭天线是一种结构紧凑、具有良好辐射性能的馈源天线,特别是轴向槽波纹喇叭天线可以在宽频段内实现极低的交叉极化,对扩展工作频段、实现极化复用有重要的价值。文章对轴向槽波纹喇叭天线的设计方法进行了研究,利用模式匹配法和全波算法软件设计了一种Ka频段超低交叉极化宽频带轴向槽波纹喇叭天线。实测数据表明,该喇叭天线工作频段可覆盖整个Ka频段（26.5~40 GHz）,在频段内回波损耗小于-20 dB、交叉极化小于-45 dB,同时天线具备良好的方向图对称性和相位中心稳定性,在卫星通信领域具有广阔的应用前景。