Mass transport models are developed to predict the rate of decarburization in RH vessels. Experimental data for several RH vessels are simulated with the help of models to estimate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. At carbon levels greater than 20–30 ppm, it suffices in the kinetic model to assume carbon mass transport control only. The estimated area of reaction is 10–50 times larger than the nominal area of the vacuum vessel. The correlation between volumetric mass transfer and circulation rate is investigated for different industrial vessels. It should now be possible to predict the volumetric mass transfer coefficient for any vessel, depending on argon flow rate, snorkel diameter and vessel pressure. Carried over slag in the ladle, when rich in FeO, can contribute more than 100 ppm of oxygen to metal. 相似文献
CO2 solubility data are important for the efficient design and operation of the acid gas CO2 capture process using aqueous amine mixture. 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol (DEEA) solvent can be manufactured from renewable sources like agricultural products/residue, and 1,6-hexamethyldiamine (HMDA) solvents have higher absorption capacity as well as reaction rate with CO2 than conventional amine-based solvents. The equilibrium solubility of CO2 into aqueous binary mixture of DEEA and HMDA was investigated in the temperature range of 303.13-333.13 K and inlet CO2 partial pressure in the range of 10.133-20.265 kPa. Total concentration of aqueous amine mixtures in the range of 1.0-3.0 kmol/m3 and mole fraction of HMDA in total amine mixture in the range of 0.05-0.20 were taken in this work. CO2 absorption experiment was performed using semi-batch operated laboratory scale bubble column to measure equilibrium solubility of CO2 in amine mixture, and CO2 absorbed amount in saturated carbonated amine mixture was analyzed by precipitation-titration method using BaCl2. Maximum equilibrium CO2 solubility in aqueous amine mixture was observed at 0.2 of HMDA mole fraction in total amine mixture with 1.0 kmol/m3 total amine concentration. New solubility data of CO2 in DEEA+HMDA aqueous mixtures in the current study was compared with solubility data available in previous studies conducted by various researchers. The study shows that the new absorbent as a mixture of DEEA+HMDA is feasible for CO2 removal from coal-fired power plant stack gas streams. 相似文献
Although the manner in which the molten metal flows plays a major role in the formation of the uniform cylinder in centrifugal
casting, not much information is available on this topic. The flow in the molten metal differs at various rotational speeds,
which in turn affects the final casting. In this paper, the influence of the flow of molten metal of hyper eutectic Al-2Si
alloys at various rotational speeds is discussed. At an optimum speed of 800 rpm, a uniform cylinder was formed. For the rotational
speeds below and above these speeds, an irregular shaped casting was formed, which is mainly due to the influence of melt.
Primary á-Al particles were formed in the tube periphery at low rotational speed, and their sizes and shapes were altered
with changes in rotational speeds. The wear test for the inner surface of the casting showed better wear properties for the
casting prepared at the optimum speed of rotation. 相似文献
Blends of resole and epoxy were prepared by physical mixing, and cured with 30% polyamide based on blend resin and polyamide. Degradation of each sample was studied by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C min-1. The degradation of blends of epoxy and resole having 30 wt % polyamide proceeded with 0.50th order. This result was found with the Coats-Redfern equation using best-fit analysis, and further confirmed by linear regression analysis. The validity of data was checked by t test analysis. From this value of reaction order, activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (Z) were calculated. The values of activation energy increased, whereas the values of pre-exponential factor decreased as the resole content in the blend decreased from 100 to 0 wt %. 相似文献
Parallelization of the finite-element method (FEM) has been contemplated by the scientific and high-performance computing community for over a decade. Most of the computations in the FEM are related to linear algebra that includes matrix and vector computations. These operations have the single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) computation pattern, which is beneficial for shared-memory parallel architectures. General-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) have been effectively utilized for the parallelization of FEM computations ever since 2007. The solver step of the FEM is often carried out using conjugate gradient (CG)-type iterative methods because of their larger convergence rates and greater opportunities for parallelization. Although the SIMD computation patterns in the FEM are intrinsic for GPU computing, there are some pitfalls, such as the underutilization of threads, uncoalesced memory access, lower arithmetic intensity, limited faster memories on GPUs and synchronizations. Nevertheless, FEM applications have been successfully deployed on GPUs over the last 10 years to achieve a significant performance improvement. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the parallel optimization strategies applied in each step of the FEM. The pitfalls and trade-offs linked to each step in the FEM are also discussed in this paper. Furthermore, some extraordinary methods that exploit the tremendous amount of computing power of a GPU are also discussed. The proposed review is not limited to a single field of engineering. Rather, it is applicable to all fields of engineering and science in which FEM-based simulations are necessary. 相似文献
Assembly free FEM bypasses the assembly step and solves the system of linear equations at the element level using Conjugate Gradient (CG) type iterative solver. The smaller dense Matrix-vector Products (MvPs) are encapsulated within the CG solver and are computed either at element level or degree of freedom (DoF) level. Both these strategies exploit the computing power of GPU effectively, but the performance is lagging due to the uncoalesced global memory access on GPU. This paper proposes an improved MvP strategy in assembly free FEM, which improves the performance by coalesced global memory access using on-chip faster shared memory and using the texture cache memory on GPU. Since GPU has limited shared memory (in few KBs), the proposed technique suffers from a problem known as low occupancy. Despite the low occupancy issue, the proposed strategy outperforms both element based and DoF based MvP strategies on GPU. Numerical experiments compared with element level and DoF level strategies on GPU and found that, GPU instance of proposed MvP outperforms both strategies approximately by factor of 7 and 1.5 respectively.