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621.
This paper compares the environmental, economic and social impacts of two types of doors and windows (elements), namely timber and aluminum taking into consideration the life cycle perspective. These elements are widely used for the buildings in Sri Lanka. Thus, it will help in the decision-making process when selecting materials for these elements. Major materials used for these elements are timber, brass, glass, paint, aluminum, rubber, steel and PVC boards. Environmental burdens associated with these materials are analyzed in terms of embodied energy, and environmental impacts that are relevant to Sri Lanka, such as global warming (GWP), acidification (ACP) and nutrient enrichment (NEP). Economic analysis is done using market prices of materials and affordability for those materials. Social concerns such as thermal comfort, good interior (aesthetics), ability to construct fast, and durability are analyzed based on the data collected through the questionnaires and also, interviews with the stakeholders of the buildings such as engineers, architects, building contractors and building users. It was found that timber elements are superior to aluminum elements in environmental scores (GWP, ACP and NEP). On economic score, also, timber elements are better. But on social score, aluminum elements are better than timber. It was also found that the higher the recycling percentage of aluminum, the higher the environmental favorability of the aluminum. 相似文献
622.
D. J. Benford J. G. Staguhn C. A. Allen S. F. Maher E. H. Sharp 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2008,151(3-4):1015-1021
We report on our efforts to measure simultaneously a well-calibrated complex impedance of a large number of detectors in a
long wavelength bolometer array. The array is described in other presentations. A method for correcting the complex impedance
measurements of bolometers and calorimeters has been presented by Lindeman et al. (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78:043105, [2007]) using a Thévenin equivalent circuit to represent the bias network. We have built on this method for superconducting bolometers
with a Norton equivalent circuit and have used it to improve our impedance data. We further describe our method for extracting
a Norton-corrected complex impedance as a function of frequency from a stream of multiplexed time-ordered data. This method
is well-suited to producing simultaneous complex impedance measurements for a large number of detectors.
相似文献
623.
AbstractPolymer composites in structural applications commonly provide reinforcement based on 2D textile products, such as woven fabrics or non-crimp fabrics. This leads to sensitivity for delamination and high lay-up effort, especially when a large part thickness is required. 3D woven fabrics (3D-WF) can prevent delamination by incorporating fibers in out-of-plane direction and given the increased areal weight of the single layers, the effort for lay-up is strongly reduced. However, large part thicknesses are also challenging when it comes to impregnation. A high out-of-plane permeability helps facing this challenge. Within this study, the saturated out-of-plane permeability of different 3D-WF (glass fiber) with an areal weight ranging from 1850?g/m2 to 5242?g/m2 was measured. It was found that at an equal fiber volume content of 50% the increase of out-of-plane oriented reinforcement fibers leads to an increasing out-of-plane permeability with increasing areal weight. 相似文献
624.
G. Kakali S. Tsivilis A. Skaropoulou J. H. Sharp R. N. Swamy 《Cement and Concrete Composites》2003,25(8):977-981
Concrete made from limestone cement may exhibit a lack of durability due to the formation of thaumasite. This work deals with the factors affecting thaumasite formation in cement mortars and particularly the limestone content, the curing conditions and the type of sand used. Three types of cement were examined: (i) OPC, (ii) Portland limestone cement containing 15% w/w limestone and (iii) Portland limestone cement containing 30% w/w limestone. Mortar specimens were prepared using calcareous and siliceous sand. The specimens were immersed in a 1.8% MgSO4 solution and cured at: (i) 5 °C and (ii) 25 °C. The formation of thaumasite was checked and confirmed by XRD and TGA. In addition visual inspection, strength tests and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements were carried out for several months. It is concluded that mortars containing limestone, either as sand or as a main constituent of the cement, suffer from the thaumasite form of sulfate attack at low temperature. At room temperature, no sulfate attack was observed after a year of exposure. 相似文献
625.
James Sharp David Pulfrey Gilberto A. Umana-Membreno Lorenzo Faraone John M. Dell 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2012,41(10):2759-2765
Thin-film cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells have found widespread application, with current commercially available module efficiencies reaching 14.4% and production costs falling as low as $$ \hbox{US}\,\$0.75/W_{\rm p}$$ . Despite the proliferation of this technology, there have been comparatively few developments in research circles in recent years. Rather than attempt to further advance the materials science of CdTe solar cells, it is proposed to realize an efficiency improvement over conventional cells by means of a novel tandem structure. Three such structures are examined herein, and results of simulation using Synopsys Sentaurus TCAD are presented. 相似文献
626.
Bernier-Latmani R Veeramani H Vecchia ED Junier P Lezama-Pacheco JS Suvorova EI Sharp JO Wigginton NS Bargar JR 《Environmental science & technology》2010,44(24):9456-9462
A promising remediation approach to mitigate subsurface uranium contamination is the stimulation of indigenous bacteria to reduce mobile U(VI) to sparingly soluble U(IV). The product of microbial uranium reduction is often reported as the mineral uraninite. Here, we show that the end products of uranium reduction by several environmentally relevant bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and their spores include a variety of U(IV) species other than uraninite. U(IV) products were prepared in chemically variable media and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to elucidate the factors favoring/inhibiting uraninite formation and to constrain molecular structure/composition of the non-uraninite reduction products. Molecular complexes of U(IV) were found to be bound to biomass, most likely through P-containing ligands. Minor U(IV)-orthophosphates such as ningyoite [CaU(PO(4))(2)], U(2)O(PO(4))(2), and U(2)(PO(4))(P(3)O(10)) were observed in addition to uraninite. Although factors controlling the predominance of these species are complex, the presence of various solutes was found to generally inhibit uraninite formation. These results suggest a new paradigm for U(IV) in the subsurface, i.e., that non-uraninite U(IV) products may be found more commonly than anticipated. These findings are relevant for bioremediation strategies and underscore the need for characterizing the stability of non-uraninite U(IV) species in natural settings. 相似文献
627.
The preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the domestic hen occurs after the initiation of a preovulatory surge of testosterone. The objective of this study was to determine whether this testosterone surge has functional significance in the endocrine control of ovulation. Groups of laying hens (n = 10-22) were treated with the androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide, at 8 h intervals for 24 h at doses of 0, 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg. All doses reduced egg laying (P < 0.001), with the highest dose being the most effective. In a second study, laying hens (n = 9) were treated with 250 mg flutamide at 8 h intervals for 24 h with a control group being given placebo (n = 10). Blood samples were taken for hormone measurements at 2 h intervals for 18 h starting 4 h before the onset of darkness. The percentage of hens laying per day did not differ between groups before treatment (control, 88% vs flutamide, 86%). Ovulation was blocked in all hens treated with flutamide within 2 days while the control hens continued to lay at the pretreatment rate (80%). Preovulatory surges of plasma testosterone, progesterone, oestradiol and LH were observed in control hens but with the exception of testosterone, flutamide treatment blocked the progesterone, oestradiol and LH surges. LH concentrations declined progressively with time in the flutamide-treated hens. It is concluded that inhibition of testosterone action blocks egg laying and the preovulatory surges of progesterone, luteinizing hormone and oestradiol demonstrating a key role for the preovulatory release of testosterone in the endocrine control of ovulation in the domestic hen. 相似文献
628.
The physical properties of natural organic matter (NOM) flocs, such as size, growth rate, and strength, were investigated using a laser diffraction particle sizing device. Conditions were set such that varying carbon coagulant ratio and zeta potential could both be investigated. Results demonstrated a link between zeta potential and coagulation and flocculation performance, with the production of strong flocs and low residual concentrations when the zeta potential was minimized. The overall strength of the connection points within the floc were determined by a combination of steric interactions, polymer bridging, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic forces. Hence, both dose ratio and zeta potential are important in understanding floc properties. Floc growth was dominated by dose ratio, whereas the response to elevated shear was strongly related to zeta potential. The steady-state floc size was a combination of both factors. This allowed the continued development of a qualitative model in order to engineer optimal floc properties when coagulating NOM. 相似文献
629.
Hydroxyl radical surface mapping is a useful tool for investigating protein structure and folding. The rate of protein side-chain oxidation by the hydroxyl radical is known to be affected primarily by the chemical reactivity of the side chain and the accessibility of the reactive site to the radical. Efforts have been made to determine the inherent rate of stable product formation of each amino acid side chain, so that the rate of oxidation of an amino acid can be used to accurately estimate the average solvent accessibility of the amino acid side chain in the folded protein. However, the effects of nearby primary sequence on peptide oxidation have not been studied. Here, we examine the amounts of various oxidation products of a small peptide consisting of one leucine and one aspartic acid separated by zero to five glycine residues, as well as with modification of the N- and C-terminus. We find that the relative amounts of certain oxidation products can be heavily influenced by the primary structure of the surrounding peptide. The formation of many products, including hydroxylation, is inhibited by proximity to negative charges, while the formation of other products showed more complicated responses to changing primary sequence. 相似文献
630.
Suchitra Mitra Kallol Talukdar Pallavi Prasad Sandeep K. Misra Shabana Khan Joshua S. Sharp Jonah W. Jurss Saumen Chakraborty 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2022,23(4):e202100485
Alzheimer's disease severely perturbs transition metal homeostasis in the brain leading to the accumulation of excess metals in extracellular and intraneuronal locations. The amyloid beta protein binds these transition metals, ultimately causing severe oxidative stress in the brain. Metal chelation therapy is an approach to sequester metals from amyloid beta and relieve the oxidative stress. Here we have designed a mixed N/O donor Cu chelator inspired by the proposed ligand set of Cu in amyloid beta. We demonstrate that the chelator effectively removes Cu from amyloid beta and suppresses reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by redox silencing and radical scavenging both in vitro and in cellulo. The impact of ROS on the extent of oxidation of the different aggregated forms of the peptide is studied by mass spectrometry, which, along with other ROS assays, shows that the oligomers are pro-oxidants in nature. The aliphatic Leu34, which was previously unobserved, has been identified as a new oxidation site. 相似文献