Strategies of therapeutic intervention—classification by restraining and driving forces.

Presents the conceptual framework for a new method of classification of strategies of therapeutic intervention. The classification is based on the terms driving force and restraining force, where a driving force operates in the direction of achieving the therapeutic aim and a restraining force operates against this direction. Seven strategies are identified, and each is illustrated by an example from the literature. The seven strategies are (a) enhancing the driving forces, (b) reducing the restraining forces, (c) preventing the driving forces from reducing each other's effects, (d) preventing the restraining forces from enhancing each other's effects, (e) causing the driving forces to enhance each other's effects, (f) causing the restraining forces to reduce each other's effects, and (g) transforming the restraining forces into driving forces. The theoretical and practical value of the classification is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interleukin-6-associated inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease: new therapeutic options

The cytokine interleukin-6 is consistently detected in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients but not in the brains of nondemented elderly persons. Until recently it was unclear whether an interleukin-6-associated inflammatory mechanism is an early or late event in the pathological cascade of Alzheimer's disease. We investigated whether interleukin-6 could be detected in plaques of Alzheimer's disease patients prior to the onset of neuritic degeneration. We found interleukin-6 mostly in plaques where neuritic pathology has not yet developed. This indicates that the appearance of interleukin-6 may precede neuritic changes and is not just a consequence of neuritic degeneration. Therefore, one may hypothesize that activation of inflammatory mechanisms may cause neuritic degeneration in plaques. A suppression of interleukin-6 synthesis could, therefore, be of therapeutic value. Upon screening a number of substances, we found that a small number of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including tenidap, were able to inhibit interleukin-6 synthesis in cultured human astrocytoma cells. These substances may be therapeutically useful in Alzheimer's disease and should be evaluated in clinical studies.     

Micro Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Motors

This paper reviews recent developments of micro ultrasonic rotary motors using piezoelectric resonant vibrations. Following the historical background, four ultrasonic motors recently developed at Penn State University are introduced; windmill, PZT tube, metal tube, and shear-type motors. Driving principles and motor characteristics are described in comparison with the conventional ultrasonic motors. Motors with 1.5 mm in diameter and 0.8 mNm in torque have been actually developed.     

Strong meaning-response bias in schizophrenia.

Examined the generality among schizophrenics of the specific form of associative intrusion identified by L. J. Chapman (1964, 1965, 1971), an exaggerated strong meaning-response bias. Ss were 15 drug-free chronics, 18 medicated chronics, 18 medicated acutes, and 18 normal prisoners matched for education, length of institutionalization (chronic groups and prisoners only), and estimated IQ. As hypothesized, only chronic schizophrenic patients differed significantly from psychiatrically normal prisoners. Expected phenothiazine effects, however, were not observed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beyond parallel play: Science befriending the art of method acting to advance healing relationships.

Research underscores the central role of factors in healing that appear to relate to the therapeutic relationship. These nonspecific or common factors and placebo effects are often overshadowed by an emphasis in the field on particular empirically supported therapies. Yet relationship variables account for a greater proportion of the variance in treatment outcomes than the technical intervention employed, representing a notable blind spot in our science and, by extension, our practice. As a consequence, clinical instruction in psychology and in the health professions more broadly generally lacks adequate specificity with respect to how to cultivate a healing relationship. Through the elaboration of several techniques derived from theatrical traditions, the authors propose that method acting and similar schools of drama provide a method for honing clinical skills in these areas that is amenable to empirical scrutiny. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interaktive Kunst als Reflektion medialer Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir die Entwicklung von Interaktivit?t in der Medienkunst, die einhergeht mit der Entwicklung von Vernetzungsstrukturen und der Herausbildung disziplinübergreifender Arbeitsweisen. Vorwiegend am Beispiel unserer eigenen Arbeiten der vergangenen 20 Jahre zeichnen wir die Entwicklung interaktiver Kunst von einer neuartigen ?sthetischen Erfahrung über eine verst?rkte Raumorientierung bis hin zum kulturellen Wissens- und Ged?chtnisspeicher nach.     

Human brain metabolic response to caffeine and the effects of tolerance

OBJECTIVE: Since there is limited information concerning caffeine's metabolic effects on the human brain, the authors applied a rapid proton echo-planar spectroscopic imaging technique to dynamically measure regional brain metabolic responses to caffeine ingestion. They specifically measured changes in brain lactate due to the combined effects of caffeine's stimulation of glycolysis and reduction of cerebral blood flow. METHOD: Nine heavy caffeine users and nine caffeine-intolerant individuals, who had previously discontinued or substantially curtailed use of caffeinated products because of associated anxiety and discomforting physiological arousal, were studied at baseline and then during 1 hour following ingestion of caffeine citrate (10 mg/kg). To assess state-trait contributions and the effects of caffeine tolerance, five of the caffeine users were restudied after a 1- to 2-month caffeine holiday. RESULTS: The caffeine-intolerant individuals, but not the regular caffeine users, experienced substantial psychological and physiological distress in response to caffeine ingestion. Significant increases in global and regionally specific brain lactate were observed only among the caffeine-intolerant subjects. Reexposure of the regular caffeine users to caffeine after a caffeine holiday resulted in little or no adverse clinical reaction but significant rises in brain lactate which were of a magnitude similar to that observed for the caffeine-intolerant group. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide direct evidence for the loss of caffeine tolerance in the human brain subsequent to caffeine discontinuation and suggest mechanisms for the phenomenon of caffeine intolerance other than its metabolic effects on elevating brain lactate.     

Intraindividual variability is related to cognitive change in older adults: Evidence for within-person coupling.

In this study, the authors addressed the longitudinal nature of intraindividual variability over 3 years. A sample of 304 community-dwelling older adults, initially between the ages of 64 and 92 years, completed 4 waves of annual testing on a battery of accuracy- and latency-based tests covering a wide range of cognitive complexity. Increases in response-time inconsistency on moderately and highly complex tasks were associated with increasing age, but there were significant individual differences in change across the entire sample. The time-varying covariation between cognition and inconsistency was significant across the 1-year intervals and remained stable across both time and age. On occasions when intraindividual variability was high, participants' cognitive performance was correspondingly low. The strength of the coupling relationship was greater for more fluid cognitive domains such as memory, reasoning, and processing speed than for more crystallized domains such as verbal ability. Variability based on moderately and highly complex tasks provided the strongest prediction. These results suggest that intraindividual variability is highly sensitive to even subtle changes in cognitive ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)