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971.
Dissipative structures of autocatalytic reactions with initially uniform concentrations are studied in tubular flow reactors. A unique steady state exists in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Linear stability analysis predicts either a stable node, a focus or an unstable saddle-focus. Sustained oscillations around the unstable focus can occur for high values of Damköhler number. In distributed parameter systems, travelling, standing or complex oscillatory waves are detected. For low values of Damköhler number, travelling waves with pseudo-constant patterns are observed. With intermediate values of Damköhler number, single or multiple standing waves are obtained. The temporal behavior indicates also the appearance of retriggering or echo waves. For high values of Damköhler number, both single peak and complex multipeak oscillations are found. In the cell model, both regular oscillations near the inlet and chaotic behavior downstream are observed. In the dispersion model, higher Peclet numbers eliminate the oscillations. The spatial profile shows a train of pulsating waves for the discret model and a single pulsating or solitary wave for the continuous model. 相似文献
972.
Swelling and mechanical properties were investigated for superporous hydrogels (SPHs) of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/polyethylenimine (P(AM-co-AA)/PEI) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). Gelation kinetics of SPHs changed significantly according to the acidic condition of reactant. The compressive strength of neutralized SPHs decreased monotonically with AA concentration, while the maximum swelling was observed around the AA weight fraction of 0.4 for all PEI concentrations. The SPH samples composed of high concentrations of AA and PEI were easily cracked in water due to the swelling stress developed during water uptake. The swelling kinetics decreased with increasing PEI and PAA concentrations because of the high molecular entanglement and network density associated with ionic interaction between PAA and PEI molecules. For non-neutralized SPHs, the equilibrium water uptake decreased but the compressive strength increased with PEI and PAA concentrations by simple plasticization effect. 相似文献
973.
Jinkyung Kim Dookyo Jeong Changho Son Younghee Lee Eunyong Kim Il Moon 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2007,24(6):1076-1083
Three types of unsaturated polyester resins were synthesized from the glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic
waste, considering environment, cost and properties for their applications. These synthesized unsaturated polyester resins
could be used for various construction processes and materials such as no dig pipelining (NDR-1), pultrusion (PLR-1) and polymer
concrete (PCR-1). PET was taken from common soft-drink bottles, and ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG) and MPdiol
glycol mixtures were used for the depolymerization at molar ratios. The glycolyzed PET 1
st
products (oligomers) were reacted with maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) (especially for
polymer concrete) to form unsaturated polyester resins with mixed styrene. The lab scale (1–5 kg) and pilot plant scale-up
tests (200 kg) were experimented to evaluate the processing characteristics, viscosity, acid number and curing behaviors.
The main properties such as hardness, flexural strength, tensile strength, heat distortion temperature, elongation, and chemical
resistance were determined based on the various uses of the three resins. Furthermore, the applicability and the properties
of these developed resins were verified through many real application tests. 相似文献
974.
Continuous copolymerizations of ?‐caprolactone with ?‐caprolactam and ω‐lauryl lactam were carried out in a modular intermeshing corotating twin‐screw extruder. Sodium hydride (initiator) and N‐acetyl caprolactam (coinitiator) were used to synthesize lactam–lactone copolymers in a twin‐screw extruder. We consider the variables of feeding order and feed rate of comonomers on the reactive extrusion of lactam–lactone copolymers. It was observed that simultaneous feeding of both monomers with initiator and coinitiator in the first hopper produced a mixture of homopolymers. When we fed the lactam into the first hopper and caprolactone sequentially into the second hopper, we obtained the lactam–caprolactone block copolymers. However, when we fed caprolactone first into the first hopper and the lactam into the second hopper, the extruded product was a mixture of poly(?‐caprolactone) and lactam monomer. We synthesized high molecular weight copolymers of poly(caprolactam‐b‐caprolactone) and poly(lauryl lactam‐b‐caprolactone) with different block lengths by sequential feeding of monomers. The block length of the block copolymer could be adjusted by controlling the feed rate of each monomer during reactive extrusion. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1429–1437, 2003 相似文献
975.
Woo Gi Lee Jin Suk Lee Byung Geon Park Mi Sun Kim Soon Chul Park Ho Nam Chang 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》1996,13(5):453-456
Chemostat and total cell retention cultures with internal filter system ofSaecharomyc.es cerevisiae H1-7 were carried out to produce ethanol from wood hydrolysate. Maximum ethanol productivity obtained in a chemostat with
the aeration rate of 1 vvm was 3.79 g/(L·h). This was 20% higher than that in a chemostat without aeration. However, the substrate
was not completely consumed at the dilution rate with the maximum productivity. The realistic productivity, which has higher
than 99% conversion rate of substrate, was. 2.95 g/(L·h). The maximum productivity in the total cell retention culture was
6.65 g/(L·h) at the dilution rate of 0.19 h1 and the residual glucose concentration was negligible. 相似文献
976.
Donghyon Kim Jung-ok Beak Youngson Choe Wonho Kim 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2005,22(5):755-761
The cure kinetics of blends of epoxy resin (4,4’-tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane; TGDDM)/curing agent (diaminodiphenyl
sulfone; DDS) with ATPEI (amine terminated poly-etherimide) -CTBN (carboxyl terminated poly (butadiene-co-acrylonitrile))
block copolymer (AB type) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry under isothermal conditions to determine the
reaction kinetic parameters such as activation energy and reaction constants. Final cure conversion decreased with increasing
amount of AB in the blends. A diffusion controlled reaction was observed as the cure conversion increased, and the curing
reaction was successfully analyzed by incorporating the diffusion control term in the rate equation for the epoxy/DDS/AB blends.
The fracture toughness was improved to about 350% compared to that of the unmodified resin at 30% of AB block copolymer. This
is attributed to the formation of co-continuous morphology between the epoxy phase and AB block copolymer phase. By increasing
the amount of AB, the modulus of the cured blends decreased, which was due to the presence of CTBN rubbery phases. 相似文献
977.
Wool fabrics undergo setting during dyeing. The degree of set can be controlled by careful selection of dyebath conditions and also by the addition to the dyebath of chemicals termed anti-setting agents. The anti-setting effect of sodium thiocyanate has been evaluated according to its concentration in the dyebath and the dyebath pH. The fabric crease-angle method was adopted to estimate the degree of anti-setting. In the case of wool fabric boiled in the presence of sodium thiocyanate, good anti-setting effects resulted from the pH 3 and pH 5 treatment baths. Chemical changes in the wool were detected using FTIR analysis. 相似文献
978.
Hyun Min Shim Joon Soo Lee Hong Yue Wang Seung Hak Choi Jeong Hoon Kim Hyung Taek Kim 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2007,24(3):537-541
The main purpose of the study was to develop a model using ASPEN and Excel simulation method to establish optimum CO2 separation process utilizing hollow fiber membrane modules to treat exhaust gas from LNG combustion. During the simulation,
optimum conditions of each CO2 separation scenario were determined while operating parameters of CO2 separation process were varied. The characteristics of hollow fibers membrane were assigned as 60 GPU of permeability and
25 of selectivity for the simulation. The simulation results illustrated that 4 stage connection of membrane module is required
in order to achieve over 99% of CO2 purity and 90% of recovery rate. The resulted optimum design and operation parameters throughout the simulation were also
correlated with the experimental data from the actual CO2 separation facility which has a capacity of 1,000 Nm3/day located in the Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology. Throughout the simulation, the operating parameters of
minimum energy consumption were evaluated. Economic analysis of pilot scale of CO2 separation plant was done with the comparison of energy cost of CO2 recovery and equipment cost of the plant based on the simulation model.
This work was presented at the 6
th
Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006. 相似文献
979.
Styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN)/clay nanocomposites were synthesized through an emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of sodium montmorillonite, and their physical properties and electroresponsiveness under an applied electric field were characterized. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the thermal stability of the synthesized polymer was sustained. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the insertion of SAN into the interlayers of clay, whose separation consequently increased, as compared to those of the pristine clay. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the suspended state of clay. Dry‐base electrorheological (ER) fluids were prepared by mixing intercalated SAN nanocomposite particles into silicone oil. Typical ER behavior, i.e., enhancement of shear and yield stresses in the presence of an applied electric field, was observed using a rotational rheometer equipped with a high‐voltage generator. A universal yield stress scaling equation was also found to fit our experimental data well. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 821–827, 2003 相似文献
980.
Oxidation Behavior and Flexural Strength of Aluminum Nitride Exposed to Air at Elevated Temperatures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The oxidation behavior of a sintered aluminum nitride containing 3 wt% Y2 O3 as a sintering aid was investigated. Samples were exposed to air at elevated temperatures for times up to 100 h. The weights of the samples were continuously monitored during exposure at various temperatures and humidity levels. The effects of oxidation on room-temperature flexural strength were also determined, and correlated to the observed weight changes of the samples. At temperatures 1200°C, linear weight gains were observed. However, at temperatures above 1200°C, the weight gains became parabolic with respect to exposure time. The oxidation rates were significantly increased by water vapor in the air. The oxidation products were found by X-ray analysis to be a mixture of Al2 O3 and 5A12 O3 ·3Y2 O3 . The oxide layer formed on the surface was severely cracked because of the thermal expansion mismatch between the oxide layer and the substrate. The cracks initiated in the oxide layer and propagated into the substrate, resulting in severe reduction in the room-temperature flexural strength of the material. When exposed to ambient air for more than 50 h at temperatures greater than 1100°C, the strengths of the samples decreased to less than half that of the as-received material. 相似文献