Effects of Preschool Television Watching on First-Grade Children

First-graders who watched a lot of television in their preschool yean earned lower grades than those who watched less—and tended to choose each other as friends.     

Sex discrimination counseling.

Presents a comprehensive discussion of the problems of women who actively challenge sex discrimination in their work and in consequence face lonely, expensive, and emotionally trying experiences. The steps by which a woman reaches the point of active protest, the institutional responses she may meet, and the countermoves open to her, are described. Special attention is given to the attitudes of unions, to legislation and the conduct of legal suits, to the type of support needed from a personal counselor during the stages of the discrimination action,and to the special problems of Black women, who are in double jeopardy, from racism and sexism. Numerous practical strategies are suggested. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impurity and surface studies in ORMAK

The ORMAK tokamak has been in operation since 1971, and surface impurities problems have been pursued from the beginning. Surface studies of materials removed from ORMAK have revealed the presence of C, O, and Fe. These are also the principal impurities observed spectroscopically in plasma discharges, although numerous other elements are present in lesser amounts. Spectroscopy, X-ray measurements, plasma resistance, and fast ion scattering have been used in an effort to determine Z_eff, the effective nuclear charge ot plasma ions. All four measurements have practical difficulties leading to relatively large experimental error limits. Oxygen discharge prc-cleaning has allowed ORMAK discharges to reach higher currents and correspondingly higher ion and electron temperatures; spectroscopic studies reveal a lower level of contaminants, particularly C and N. Power measurements indicate that most of the input power strikes the walls, mostly as radiation. By varying operating parameters it is found that $\text{Z}{}_{\mathrm{eff}}\text{～}\text{I}{}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{n}{}_{\mathrm{e}}$.     

Computer simulation of wastewater treatment plant

The computer simulation of wastewater treatment systems is finding increasingly wide application. Simulation studies of complete municipal waste treatment plants have been successfully accomplished. This paper describes an attempt to simulate the operation of the Kitchener, Ontario, Waste Treatment plant taking data from the last six months of 1975. It is shown that, provided some parameter values are taken from the actual plant, it is possible to closely match the mean monthly performance of the system. Steady-state mathematical models of the major waste treatment units are presented together with a discussion of the structure and operation of the SEPSIM computer program. Detailed cost relationships for a complete municipal waste treatment plant are also shown.     

Preparation, characterization, and stability of liposome-based formulations of mitoxantrone

The preparation, characterization, and stability of lyophilized liposome-based formulation of mitoxantrone was investigated. Mitoxantrone was entrapped inside small, unilamellar liposomes composed of dioleoylphosphocholine (DOPC), cholesterol, and cardiolipin. The mean vesicle size and drug entrapment efficiency of the liposomes were ~ 150 nm and ~ 99%, respectively. Less than 1% of drug was lost and mean vesicle size remained unchanged after sterile filtration. The pre-lyophilized (pre-lyo) formulations were characterized by a differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) method. Results showed that the glass transition temperatures (Tg') increased as the molar ratios of sucrose:lipid and trehalose:lipid in the formulations were increased. The maximum Tg' of the pre-lyo formulations containing 10:1 sucrose:lipid and trehalose:lipid molar ratios were - 37°C and - 41°C, respectively. After reconstitution of the lyophilized cake of the sucrose-containing formulation, the mean vesicle size was comparable to pre-lyo liposome size. In vitro release studies showed that less than 2% of mitoxantrone was released after an extensive dialysis against phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C, indicating that the mitoxantrone was highly associated and retained inside the liposomes. Short-term stability studies of the sucrose-containing formulations revealed that the reconstituted and eight-fold diluted formulations were stable for up to 8 hours at room temperature. Long-term stability studies of lyophilized liposomal mitoxantrone showed that the lyophilized formulation was stable for up to 13 months after storage at refrigerated condition.     

Temper embrittlement of 5140 steel

Isothermal temper-embrittlement studies were conducted on a 5140 steel at various temperatures for times as long as 3000 hr. Specimens from the embrittled steel were subjected to impact tests, metallographic examination, microhardness, and lattice-parameter measurements.     

An evaluation of radar as a crop classifier

Results of an investigation to specify the parameters of a space-borne imaging radar for use in crop identification are discussed. The study relied upon scaltering data acquired with a groundbased radar which were degraded to simulate the performance of a system similar to the proposed Space Shuttle Orbiter Imaging Radar. Data acquired from fields sown in corn, milo, soybeans, wheat and alfalfa were employed. The results of this study suggest that for best classification accuracy, a K-band (approximately 14 GHz), dual polarized system viewing fields at an off nadir angle in the 40° to 60° range should be employed. However it is emphasized that to attain classification accuracies exceeding 90%, multi-date acquisition is required. As best as can be determined, four target revisits at an interval of ten days is adequate for 90% accuracy.     

The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: a functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division

BACKGROUND: The emotional counting Stroop (ecStroop) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation paradigm was designed to recruit the anterior cingulate affective division (ACad). METHODS: Nine normal, healthy male and female subjects (mean age 24.2 years) reported via button press the number of neutral and negative words that appeared on a screen while reaction time and fMRI data were acquired. RESULTS: We observed a) greater ACad activation for negative versus neutral words during initial presentation blocks; b) lower overall ACad signal intensity during task performance (i.e., both negative and neutral words) compared to the baseline fixation condition; and c) no reaction time increase to negative versus neutral words. CONCLUSIONS: In a companion study of a cognitive version of the counting Stroop (Bush et al 1998), these same 9 subjects a) activated the more dorsal anterior cingulate cognitive division; b) also showed the overall decrease in ACad signal intensity; and c) demonstrated a reliable reaction time effect. Taken together, these data offer a within-group spatial dissociation of AC function based upon information content (i.e., cognitive vs. emotional) and/or presence of behavioral interference. We propose that the ecStroop will be a useful fMRI probe of ACad function in anxiety disorders.