In Situ SEM Observations of Fracture Behavior of Laser Welded–Brazed Al/Steel Dissimilar Joint

Laser welding–brazing of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to DP590 dual-phase steel with Al-Si12 flux-cored filler wire was performed. The microstructure at the brazing interface was characterized. Fracture behavior was observed and analyzed by in situ scanning electron microscope. The microstructure of the brazing interface showed that inhomogeneous intermetallic compounds formed along the thickness direction, which had a great influence on the crack initiation and propagation. In the top region, the reaction layer at the interface consisted of scattered needle-like Fe(Al,Si)₃ and serration-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. In the middle region, the compound at the interface was only serration-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. In the bottom region, the interface was composed of lamellar-shaped Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si. The cracks were first detected in the bottom region and propagated from bottom to top along the interface. At the bottom region, the crack initiated and propagated along the Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si/weld seam interface during the in situ tensile test. When the crack propagated into the middle region, a deflection of crack propagation appeared. The crack first propagated along the steel/Fe_1.8Al_7.2Si interface and then moved along the weld seam until the failure of the joint. The tensile strength of the joint was 146.5 MPa. Some micro-cracks were detected at Fe(Al,Si)₃ and the interface between the steel substrate and Fe(Al,Si)₃ in the top region while the interface was still connected.     

Transparent Mirror

正Western Han Dynasty(206 BC–8 AD)Diameter:12.1 cm;weight:280 g High-tin bronze This marvelous artifact is a cast metal circular disc with interesting relief patterns on the back.When sunlight falls on the surface of the mirror,made 2,000 years ago,the reflected image on a wall shows the pattern on the back of the mirror.     

Iron Towers in Guangxiao Temple,Guangzhou City

正Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (963 A.D. and 967 A.D.)The western tower was damaged and is now incomplete. The eastern tower is 7.7 m high.There are two towers, called the eastern tower and the western tower, which were built in 963 A.D. and 967 A.D.,respectively, and are the earliest extant iron towers. There are 1,024 Buddha statues cast on each side of the tower body.The whole tower is made up of 17 castings, which are stacked layer by layer, and each casting is made to be a single     

循环水管道减阻节能剂研究进展

介绍了表面活性剂减阻节能剂减阻的原理以及影响减阻的主要因素、减阻节能剂的分子设计。综述了表面活性剂减阻剂的分子结构特征、典型减阻节能剂配方和主要应用领域。建议化工技术人员发挥专业优势,从腐蚀性和安全性数据可靠的工业水处理剂中筛选优良的工业减阻节能剂,类推设计新颖的减阻节能剂分子。     

Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of phytosterol from roselle seeds with a central composite design model

Recovery of phytosterol from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds via supercritical carbon dioxide extraction modified with ethanol was investigated at pressures of 200–400 bar, temperatures from 40 to 80 °C and at supercritical fluid flow rates from 10 to 20 ml/min. It was found that an entrainer such as ethanol could enhance the solubility and extraction yield of roselle seed oil from the seed matrix, compared to values obtained using supercritical CO₂. After a typical run (holding period of 30 min, continuous flow extraction of 3 h), the results indicate that the oil recovery was optimal with a recovery of 108.74% and a phytosterol composition of 7262.80 mg kg^?1 at relatively low temperature of 40 °C, a high pressure of 400 bar and at a high supercritical fluid flow rate of 20 ml/min in the presence of 2 ml/min EtOH as entrainer. The solubility of roselle seed oil increased with temperature at the operating pressures of 200, 300 and 400 bar. Supercritical fluid extraction involved a short extraction time and the minimal usage of small amounts of entrainer in the CO₂.     

Deformation and osmotic swelling of an elastic membrane capsule in Stokes flows by the immersed interface method

Although permeable and deformable capsules are found in many applications in biological and industrial systems, studies on computational modeling of these capsules are still rather lacking. In this work, the osmotic swelling of a deforming capsule immersed in a diluted binary solution of a non-electrolyte solute under Stokes flows is simulated using the immersed interface method (IIM). The approximate jump conditions for solute concentration are calculated with the use of the Kedem–Katchalsky relations. The capsule membrane is considered to be either semi-permeable or fully permeable, and the material of capsule membrane is assumed to be Neo-Hookean. The employed properties of fluid and membrane lie in the range of a typical biological system. The numerical validation tests indicate that the present calculation procedure has achieved good accuracy in modeling the swelling and deformation of permeable capsules. The capsule swelling (with mass transfer across the membrane) and deformation are tested for different solute concentration fields and membrane permeability properties. Our numerical investigations show that the initial solute concentration field and the membrane permeability properties have much influence on the swelling/deformation of a permeable capsule under Stokes flows.     

Effects of silicon incorporation on composition,structure and electric conductivity of cubic boron nitride thin films

We have achieved in-situ Si incorporation into cubic boron nitride (c-BN) thin films during ion beam assisted deposition. The effects of silicon incorporation on the composition, structure and electric conductivity of c-BN thin films were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical measurements. The results suggest that the content of the cubic phase remains stable on the whole with the incorporation of Si up to a concentration of 3.3 at.%, and the higher Si concentrations lead to a gradual change from c-BN to hexagonal boron nitride. It is found that the introduced Si atoms only replace B atoms and combine with N atoms to form Si–N bonds, and no evidence of the existence of Si–B bonds is observed. The resistance of the Si-doped c-BN films gradually decreases with increasing Si concentration, and the resistivity of the c-BN film with 3.3 at.% Si is lowered by two orders of magnitude as compared to undoped samples.     

Design,synthesis, structure and magnetic behavior of a high spin binuclear Fe(III) complex of N-(1-ethanol)-N,N-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenxyl) amine

The Mannich reaction of 2-aminoethanol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and formaldehyde at the ratio sets of 1:2:2 provided a new ligand, N-(1-ethanol)-N,N-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenxyl)amine (H₃L). In the presence of base, H₃L reacted with FeCl₃·6H₂O to form a dinuclear Fe(III) complex [Fe₂L₂] 1. The value of μ_eff at room temperature (5.95 μ_B), is much less than the expected spin-only value (8.37 μ_B) of two high spin (hs) Fe³⁺ (S = 5/2) ions [μ = g[∑ ZS(S + 1)]^1/2], indicating there were strong interactions between Fe³⁺ ions. The effective magnetic moment (μ_eff) decreased abruptly with cooling to a minimum value of 0.1 μ_B at 2 K. It was worth noting that Fe³⁺ ions of 1 exhibited thermally induced quartet ? doublet spin transitions, and these transitions were abrupt. The magnetic behaviors of 1 denoted the occurrence of intramolecular anti-ferromagnetic interactions. J (? 13.58 cm^? 1) agrees with the result from Gorun–Lippard equation, ? J (cm^? 1) = Aexp(BP(Å) = 12.9).     

沉降对高浓度湿法磷酸中残余杂质的粒度及组成的影响

通过向浓缩湿法磷酸中加入絮凝剂,利用原子吸收和粒度仪对沉降前后磷酸中的元素组成和粒度进行分析,采用XRD和能谱仪考察沉降产生淤渣的组成变化。结果表明,前期主要沉积物为K2SiF6和Na2SiF6,后期以继沉淀盐(Fe,A1)3KH14(PO4)8·4H2O为主。沉降前后浓缩湿法磷酸中杂质颗粒粒度变化很大,杂质颗粒体积平均粒径由126.195μm下降到43.295μm,因此,可减轻磷酸中固形物在运输过程中沉积在管道壁上或储槽底部。     

盐水介质中CPAM分散聚合的分散介质与分散剂选择研究

考察了CPAM分散聚合中,两种不同硫酸盐作为分散介质的可行性,并详细讨论了不同类型的分散剂对盐水介质中CPAM分散聚合的影响。通过研究发现,由于硫酸钠在水中的溶解度随温度波动较大,不适合作为CPAM分散聚合的分散介质。另外实验表明,由于非离子型分散剂在盐水介质中溶解性不佳,不适合作为CPAM分散聚合的分散剂。故选择硫酸铵与PDMDAAC分别作为盐水介质中CPAM分散聚合的分散介质与分散剂,并确定了硫酸铵最佳用量为聚合体系质量的27%~29%,PDMDAAC最佳用量为单体质量的10%~18%,该条件下制得的产品具有较好的流动性。