The difficultly extractable lipides of cottonseed meats,their composition and effect on the refining characteristics of the crude oils

Summary and Conclusions Crude lipides fractions were produced from raw, tempered, and cooked meats from two lots of cottonseed by a series of successive stepwise extractions, designed to obtain fractional portions of the total lipides in the order of the difficulty of their extraction. The proximate composition of the crude lipides fractions was determined. It was found that the composition of successive lipides fractions varied with the degree of exhaustiveness of extraction. The fractions obtained by more exhaustive extraction contained greater amounts of undesirable non-neutral oil material and lesser amounts of desirable neutral oil. It was also established that the method used in preparing meats for extraction was of paramount importance in its effect on the composition of the crude lipides obtained. The crude lipides fractions from raw and tempered meats contained large amounts of impurities while the crude lipides fractions similarly obtained from cooked meats were relatively low in impurities. Crude oils equivalent to varying degrees of total lipides extraction were reconstituted from the crude lipides fractions and evaluated for refining characteristics. The impurities content of the reconstituted oils varied as the degree of total lipides extraction and increases in the impurities content of the oils were generally reflected in disproportionate increases in refining losses and/or refined oil color. The oils obtained from the cooked meats at all degrees of extraction were outstandingly low in refining losses as compared to the oils from the raw and the tempered meats. Presented in two parts at the spring meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, New Orleans. La., Apr. 18–20, 1955, and at the fall meeting, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 10–12, 1995. One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

The potentiometric behaviour of copolymers of methacrylic acid in water-ethanol solutions

Summary The synthesis is reported of copolymers of styrene with methacrylic acid and of methyl methacrylate with methacrylic acid by radical copolymerization, of copolymers of methyl methacrylate with methacrylic acid by partial alkaline hydrolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate), and of block copolymers of styrene with methacrylic acid. Modified titration curves of all these copolymers were recorded in water and water-ethanol solutions. In a solution containing 50 mass.% ethanol, only small differences could be observed between the potentiometric behaviour of the individual copolymers and polymethacrylic acid. Also, there were no essential differences in any of the solvents used between the potentiometric behaviour of block copolymers of styrene with methacrylic acid, on the one hand, and polymethacrylic acid, on the other. On the contrary, maxima and minima were always observed on the modified titration curves of statistical copolymers with a higher content of the hydrophobic comonomer in solutions with a high water content. Thus, using the modified titration curves, it is possible to decide whether a given copolymer is of the block or statistical type.     

改进教与学优化算法的LQR控制器优化设计

为了快速有效地确定线性二次最优控制(linear quadratic regulator,LQR)问题中的加权矩阵Q和R,针对主动悬架LQR控制器权系数设计问题,提出一种改进的教与学优化算法进行LQR优化设计。算法对基本教与学优化算法中的"教"与"学"阶段进行了进一步的改进,同时提出一种"自我学习"策略。通过仿真实验表明,和基本教与学算法、粒子群算法、遗传算法相比,本文算法在对主动悬架LQR控制器优化时,具有收敛速度快,求解精度高和稳定性强等优势。     

Estimators of the reliability index of a nonrepairable one-shot item by small statistical samples

The evaluation of the reliability indices of a nonrepairable one-shot item based on small statistical samples using a priori information has been presented. The novelty of the obtained results consists of formulating cases when the F test should be used as well as the t test, and the proposed simple method for determining the lower limit of the complex reliability index.     

Multichannel Confocal Microscope Based on a Diffraction Focusing Multiplier with Automatic Synchronization of Scanning

Implementation of a laser scanning confocal microscope is described, where the specimen is scanned by an array of illuminating beams, which significantly increases the velocity of object image construction. The array formation is provided by using a diffractive optical element. Scanning by the array of laser beams over the specimen is performed by galvanometric scanners with moving refractive plane-parallel plates. Owing to application of such a scanning device, the beams in the illuminating channel and the signal beams in the receiving channel pass through one motionless array of confocal diaphragms; as a result, the scanning beams in the specimen plane and the signal beams in the plane of the photodetector matrix can be used without an additional synchronized pair of scanners. The proposed confocal microscope can be applied in problems that require a fast response.     

Effect of Molecular Additives on the Ignition of Methane–Air Mixtures

Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves - The ignition of methane–air mixtures with additives of ClF5, ClF3, OF2, and H2O2 (additive content in the mixtures  $$\le$$ 1%) is studied by...     

Prospects of Using Boron Powders As Fuel. III. Influence of Polymer Binders on the Composition of Condensed Gasification Products of Model Boron-Containing Compositions

Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves - The effect of polymer binders on the thermal behavior, combustion, and composition of condensed gasification products of model boron-containing compositions...     

Multilayer Composites Based on PTFE Films and Fiberglass

Fibre Chemistry - The article is devoted to the development of two-layer composites with a fluoroplastic matrix and fiberglass reinforcing elements. The fluoroplastic matrix acts as a protective...     

Developing an Algorithm for the Calculation of a Painting Chamber

Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering - This team of authors presents the development of an algorithm and its practical application in the software for solving the problems of...