Drug-Delivery By Ion-Exchnage. Part VII: Release of Acidic Drugs from Anionic Exchange Resinate Complexes

The loading and relase of ibuprofen, Ketoprofen and mefenamic acid from a range of strong anionic exchange resins, including cholestyramine, is decribed. Release rates into simulated gastric fluid increase with stirring speed up to 300 rpm and decrease as either the particle size of the resin beads of the degree of cross-linking increase. An increase in the temperature of loading enhances the capacity of the resin towards the drug and reduce its relase rate. Coating of the resing also enables suppression of drug release to be achieved. The samll particle size of cholestyramine enables a rapid relese of drug from the resin to be achieved. This rate is significantly greater than that obtained by monitoring dissolution from a drug-lactose dispersion and may indicate that ion-exchange technology may provide and opportunity to overcome poor dissolution characteristicsf for weekly ionic compounds.     

THE EFFECT OF FURNACE ATMOSPHERES ON THE QUALITY OF CERTAIN TYPES OF GLAZES1

A research sponsored by the American Gas Association was begun at Rutgers University in January, 1929. One phase of this research is the determination of the effect of furnace atmospheres on glazes, By maintaining carefully controlled conditions all variables were eliminated except that of atmosphere. Tests were made in many atmospheres using several different glazes. These atmospheres were formed either of the individual products of combustion, of combinations of gases which simulated actual furnace conditions, or of the products of combustion of city gas.     

Formulation for chemical EOR: Development and evaluation of an ASP formulation In customer field conditions

Alkali surfactant polymer (ASP) flooding is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology with an impressive potential for increasing incremental oil production from conventional hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs. A challenge to ASP application is the complexity of determining an effective formulation, typically requiring extensive laboratory screening of nearly countless combinations of surfactants and cosolvents. This paper focuses on demonstrating the utility of the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept for EOR application to simplify surfactant formulation workstreams seeking an economically viable ASP formulation for field application. In describing work performed for EOR application of ASP under customer conditions using crude oil, the discussion covers the initial evaluation of the promising surfactant formulation (interfacial tension and solubility), the improvement upon the formulation via HLD principles, and the evaluation of the improved surfactant formulation (coreflood studies). The final ASP formulation identified consisted of a 9 to 1 mixture of alkyl propoxy sulfate sodium salt (APS) to alkyl ethoxy sulfate sodium salt (AES) totaling 2000 ppm active surfactant content, 2.0 wt% Na₂CO₃, and 3000 ppm polyacrylamide polymer (all commercially available products). This formulation had ultra-low interfacial tension and favorable mixing behavior under reservoir conditions. In coreflood studies, the final formulation reproducibly achieved cumulative oil recovery of 96.4%–98.5% of original oil in place with only 0.3 PV of ASP injection with a chase alkali polymer injection.     

Cinematography of Combustion in Diesel Engines

Methods used to film the injection and combustion processes in some forms of diesel combustion chamber are described. Rates of up to 15,000 frames/sec. were used with suitable lighting to show the distribution of injected fuel prior to self-ignition. Pressure, injector needle motion, crank angle and time were recorded in addition to the visual picture. Two synchronised cameras were used with semi-automatic control gear to get a correct sequence of operations. An improved accelerator was devised for the Fastax camera used for the visual pictures. The field of this camera was split into two halves with a supplementary lens in one path to cover two areas at different distances from the camera. Perspex (polymethyl methacrylate) was used for combustion chamber windows in spite of the high temperatures and pressures. Lighting, processing methods and choice of sensitive materials are also dealt with. In recording data on 70 mm. paper, an artifice was used to increase temporal resolution.     

Implications of local lifecycle analyses and low carbon fuel standard design on gasohol transportation fuels

State and regional policies, such as low carbon fuel standards (LCFSs), increasingly mandate that transportation fuels be examined according to their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We investigate whether such policies benefit from determining fuel carbon intensities (FCIs) locally to account for variations in fuel production and to stimulate improvements in FCI. In this study, we examine the FCI of transportation fuels on a lifecycle basis within a specific state, Minnesota, and compare the results to FCIs using national averages. Using data compiled from 18 refineries over an 11-year period, we find that ethanol production is highly variable, resulting in a 42% difference between carbon intensities. Historical data suggests that lower FCIs are possible through incremental improvements in refining efficiency and the use of biomass for processing heat. Stochastic modeling of the corn ethanol FCI shows that gains in certainty due to knowledge of specific refinery inputs are overwhelmed by uncertainty in parameters external to the refiner, including impacts of fertilization and land use change. The LCA results are incorporated into multiple policy scenarios to demonstrate the effect of policy configurations on the use of alternative fuels. These results provide a contrast between volumetric mandates and LCFSs.     

A Framework for Interacting with Paper

This paper reports on ways of using digitised video from television cameras in user interfaces for computer systems. The DigitalDesk is built around an ordinary physical desk and can be used as such, but it has extra capabilities. A video camera mounted above the desk, pointing down at the work surface, is used to detect where the user is pointing and to read documents that are placed on the desk. A computer-driven projector is also mounted above the desk, allowing the system to project electronic objects onto the work surface and onto real paper documents. The animated paper documents project is considering particular applications of the technology in electronic publishing. The goal is to combine electronic and printed documents to give a richer presentation than that afforded by either separate medium. This paper describes the framework that has been developed to assist with the preparation and presentation of these mixed-media documents. The central component is a registry that associates physical locations on pieces of paper with actions. This is surrounded by a number of adaptors that assist with the creation of new documents either from scratch or by translating from conventional hypermedia, and also allow the documents to be edited. Finally the DigitalDesk itself identifies pieces of paper and animates them with the actions described in the registry.