Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles supported on poly(ionic liquids) derived hollow carbon spheres for methanol oxidation

Hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) are prepared using poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) as a carbon precursor and monodisperse silica particles as a template for the first time. The ILs form a uniform polymer coating on the template surface after polymerization. Carbonization of the coating and the subsequent removal of the template produces porous carbon spheres with a hollow structure. The HCSs possess a high surface area, good conductivity, and porosity suitable for mass transport, and they can be used as a support for Pt electrocatalysts. Pt nanoparticles with an average size of 2.8 nm are homogeneously distributed onto the HCSs. The high surface area and unique structure facilitates the fine dispersion of Pt nanoparticles. The obtained Pt/HCSs exhibit a significant catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol.     

Analysis of flavour compounds in beer with extruded sorghum as an adjunct using headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Sorghum is a widely used adjunct that is used in the production of beer and increasingly affects beer flavour as the amount added increases. The aim of this work was to establish a simple, solvent‐free technique, without derivatization, to analyse flavours and typical volatile compounds present in extruded and unextruded sorghum beer, and to compare the flavour differences of the two types of beer. Headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to determine the flavours in the two beers and eight typical volatile compounds were quantified using GC. Forty‐five flavour compounds were identified and quantified in extruded white sorghum beer, while 31 flavour compounds were identified in unextruded white sorghum beer. Extruded or unextruded white sorghum can be used to produce ale beer, but the primary flavour content in the extruded white sorghum beer was higher than in the unextruded white sorghum beer. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Influences of sodium species with different occurrence modes on the thermal behaviors and gas evolution during pyrolysis of a sodium-rich Zhundong subbituminous coal

The Zhundong coal (ZDC) with a huge proven reserve is featured by high abundance of sodium species which behaves actively in the thermal conversion of it. In this work, to better understand the multiple roles of sodium species in coal pyrolysis, influences of sodium species with different occurrence modes on the thermal behaviors and gas evolution during pyrolysis of a sodium-rich ZDC were investigated. Raw coal was initially demineralized by dilute hydrochloric acid. Subsequently, sodium species was reloaded into the demineralized sample by ion-exchanged or immersed method. For quantitative analyses, a thermo-gravimetric analyzer coupled with a mass spectrometer was used to record the weight loss of different samples and the ever-changing amount of gaseous products in pyrolysis. The results show that the structural change induced by demineralized and ion-exchanged treatment is mainly reflected in the band intensity of carboxyl groups. In pyrolysis of ZDC, total volatile matters yield has a close relation with the occurrence modes of sodium species. It is proved that water-soluble sodium species has catalytic effects on the thermal-cracking reactions, whereas exchangeable sodium species tends to facilitate char-formed reactions. Compared with exchangeable ones, water-soluble sodium species can be also volatilized more easily in pyrolysis. As for gas evolution, exchangeable sodium species can obviously affect formation of CO through char gasification and it is also favorable to formation of hydrogen radicals. Moreover, due to the low sulfur content in ZDC, the intensity of H₂S released from all samples is extremely weak, which suggests that ZDC is a suitable feedstock for clean coal utilization.     

木聚糖酶融合基因的构建及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

以来源于Aspergillus usamii E001的高比活木聚糖酶XynⅡ为亲本,采用"中心模板法"将耐高温木聚糖酶TfxA的前31个氨基酸连接在XynⅡ的N端,构建出融合木聚糖酶TPL。将TPL在大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中进行表达,并对表达条件进行了优化,对表达产物的酶学性质进行了分析。结果表明,融合酶TPL最适pH为4.6,最适温度为45℃,和XynⅡ保持一致,但热稳定性有一定提高,在50℃处理10min,TPL和XynⅡ的残余酶活分别为15.72%和6.92%。     

乳液聚合法制备石蜡基相变储能材料及热物性研究

将石蜡真空浸渍于膨胀蛭石中,以其共同作为内相,丙烯酰胺水溶液作为外相,制得水包油乳液,引发剂使外相聚合,得到形状稳定的复合相变储热颗粒。测试结果表明：乳化剂和膨胀蛭石分别为石蜡质量的6%和2%时,熔融焓数值为128.79 J/g,石蜡的包覆率为72.80%;复合颗粒的形状是表面规整的球体,颗粒大小均匀;经过100次循环后,熔融焓只降低2.18%;复合颗粒在470 ℃以下有较好的热稳定性。膨胀蛭石与聚丙烯酰胺对石蜡的二次封装可有效提高复合体系防泄露能力,具有可靠的储能和温度调节性能。     

N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺的合成工艺研究

以D-葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯和脂肪胺(正辛胺、癸胺、十二胺、十四胺、十六胺、十八胺)为原料,合成了N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺.考察了反应时间、反应温度、n(D-葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯)∶n(脂肪胺)对反应的影响.通过单因素法确定了合成N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺的较佳工艺:n(D-葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯)∶n(脂肪胺)=1∶1.1,甲醇作溶剂,60℃下反应3 h,收率均在90%以上.产物用IR、1H-NMR进行表征.结果表明,合成N-烷基葡萄糖酰胺的条件温和,操作简单,收率较高.     

益生菌抗氧化活性及菌体抗氧化相关成分的分析

目的比较乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、嗜热链球菌和乳酸乳球菌的抗氧化活性,分析抗氧化活性较高菌株内与抗氧化相关的成分。方法采用清除DPPH自由基、清除羟自由基以及抗脂质过氧化能力3种方法评价40株益生菌的抗氧化活性,选出抗氧化活性较高的菌株分析其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和总巯基化合物(TTG)的含量。结果所比较的40株益生菌的抗氧化能力差别较大,既具有种属特异性,又具有菌株特异性;7株嗜热链球菌和11株乳酸乳球菌中的SOD活性最高[(平均分别为124.02U/mg(蛋白质)和107.10U/mg(蛋白质)]、2株双歧杆菌中GSH的含量最高(平均为311.03μmol/L细胞破碎液),所分析的菌株中TTG含量均较高。研究结果表明,实验菌乳酸乳球菌清除自由基能力最强,其次是嗜热链球菌,所试验的乳杆菌和双歧杆菌最弱;SOD对益生菌的抗氧化起主要作用;GSH的存在因种属和菌株的不同而差别较大;TTG对益生菌的抗氧化起了积极作用。     

不同方法提取黑果枸杞多糖的研究

目的比较不同提取方法对黑果枸杞多糖的提取效果。方法采用常规水浴法、超声法、微波法、超声-微波协同萃取法提取多糖,用蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定其含量。结果四种方法提取的黑果枸杞多糖含量分别为:9.64%、5.70%、7.35%、10.89%。提取效果为:超声-微波协同萃取法>常规水浴提取法>微波提取法>超声波提取法。结论采用超声-微波协同萃取法提取黑果枸杞多糖效果好。     

1-L-亮氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖和1-L-异亮氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖的热裂解分析

采用热重-差热法对1-L-亮氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖（Ⅰ）和1-L-异亮氨酸-1-脱氧-D-果糖（Ⅱ）的热失重和热裂解温度进行了研究,通过在线裂解GC-MS联用技术分别对（Ⅰ）和（Ⅱ）在350℃、450℃、550℃、650℃、750℃和850℃条件下的裂解产物进行了鉴定。研究结果表明2种Amadori化合物的的热失重曲线相似,（Ⅰ）的裂解温度为144.67℃,（Ⅱ）的裂解温度为164.26℃,600℃时（Ⅰ）和（Ⅱ）失重约80%;二者裂解产物主要为吡嗪类、吡啶类、吡咯类、喹啉类和呋喃类等杂环化合物,芳香族化合物以及醛类和酮类,其中以吡嗪类为主;裂解产物的数量随着裂解温度的升高而增多,（Ⅰ）的裂解产物数量与（Ⅱ）的裂解产物数量相当。对（Ⅰ）和（Ⅱ）的主要裂解产物形成途径进行了初步探讨,可为研究其在卷烟燃烧过程中的转化行为提供参考。      

苦荞黄酮对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用研究

为了比较研究各种不同提取方法下的苦荞黄酮对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用,分别对苦荞总黄酮溶液、苦荞水溶性黄酮溶液、苦荞醇溶性黄酮溶液用α-淀粉酶进行体外活性抑制作用试验,并绘制抑制曲线,所得的结果与阿卡波糖进行比较。结果表明:阿卡波糖、苦荞总黄酮、苦荞水溶性黄酮、苦荞醇溶性黄酮对α-淀粉酶均有抑制作用,其半抑制浓度(IC50)值分别为0.095、0.086、0.10、0.202 mg/mL。本研究为三种提取产物在防治糖尿病及其并发症等方面的应用提供参考,具有较大的理论意义和应用价值。