Influences of graphene oxide support on the electrochemical performances of graphene oxide-MnO2 nanocomposites

MnO₂ supported on graphene oxide (GO) made from different graphite materials has been synthesized and further investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The structure and morphology of MnO₂-GO nanocomposites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption. As demonstrated, the GO fabricated from commercial expanded graphite (denoted as GO(1)) possesses more functional groups and larger interplane gap compared to the GO from commercial graphite powder (denoted as GO(2)). The surface area and functionalities of GO have significant effects on the morphology and electrochemical activity of MnO₂, which lead to the fact that the loading amount of MnO₂ on GO(1) is much higher than that on GO(2). Elemental analysis performed via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy confirmed higher amounts of MnO₂ loading on GO(1). As the electrode of supercapacitor, MnO₂-GO(1) nanocomposites show larger capacitance (307.7 F g^-1) and better electrochemical activity than MnO₂-GO(2) possibly due to the high loading, good uniformity, and homogeneous distribution of MnO₂ on GO(1) support.     

A study on the flame‐retardance of poly(vinyl chloride) incorporated with metal hydroxystannates

In this article some metal hydroxystannates were synthesized. It shows that the ZHS with Fe₂SnO₃.3H₂O imparts fairly good flame retardance to the plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). The thermal stability and flammability on heating and burning were explored by TG/DTA. Study on mechanical properties of PVC had also been performed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Flame‐retardant properties of magnesium hydroxystannate and strontium hydroxystannate coated calcium carbonate on soft poly(vinyl chloride)

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of soft poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) treated with zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), magnesium hydroxystannate [MgSn(OH)₆], strontium hydroxystannate [SrSn(OH)₆], ZHS–MgSn(OH)₆, ZHS–SrSn(OH)₆, MgSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃, SrSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃, ZHS–MgSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃, and ZHS–SrSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃ were studied with the limited oxygen index, char yield, and smoke density rating methods; the mechanical properties were also studied. The results showed that, with the equivalent addition of the corresponding hydroxystannate, the soft PVC treated with hydroxystannate‐coated CaCO₃ had a higher limited oxygen index than the corresponding hydroxystannate, and the soft PVC treated with the agents containing magnesium had a higher limited oxygen index than the soft PVC treated with the agents containing strontium, except for ZHS–MgSn(OH)₆‐coated CaCO₃. The improvement in the char formation of the hydroxystannate‐coated CaCO₃ was better than that of the corresponding hydroxystannate in most cases, and the aforementioned agents reduced the smoke density rating, decreased the tensile strength, and increased the elongation and impact strength basically. Thermal analysis showed that the additives promoted the evolution of hydrogen chloride, early crosslinking, and rapid charring through the strong catalyzing effect of Lewis acids. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Compact multiplexing of monodisperse electrosprays

Widespread application of the cone-jet electrospray has been hampered by the low flow rate at which the spray is dispersed, despite the unique ability of this device to disperse quasi-monodispersed particles over a phenomenal size range. Compact multiplexing, that is, with a high number of sources per unit area, is indispensable for dramatically increasing the throughput and reducing the cost per electrospray source. We demonstrate the successful operation of multiplexed electrospray systems with an unprecedented packing density of up to 11,547 sources/cm². The devices were fabricated and operated by implementing three criteria: (a) the extractor electrode configuration should be used to localize the electric field; (b) the viscous pressure drop acting on the liquid should dominate with respect to the electrostatic pulling force by the electric field; and (c) the electric field “driving” the droplets between the extractor electrode and the collector should be sufficiently intense to avoid reversal of the droplet motion near the extractor (satellite trapping). All devices showed excellent droplet size uniformity across the entire spray region, which indicates effective decoupling of the electrospray sources even for closely packed nozzles. The experimental results show that these design criteria provide effective and reliable guidelines for the successful design and operation of multiplexed devices from first principles, that is, based only on knowledge of the suitability of a liquid for electrospray dispersion and of the critical liquid properties such as surface tension, viscosity and electric conductivity. As a result, the design of these devices for a given application is achievable without costly trial-and-error microfabrication trials. This development opens the door for applications requiring flows from multiplexing 10⁶–10⁷ individual electrospray sources from industry-standard 12-in silicon wafers.     

A new perspective on the characterization of materials for a-Si:H solar cells

A study has been carried out on a-Si:H solar cell materials fabricated under a wide range of deposition conditions in different laboratories. The results on both thin films and corresponding Schottky barrier cell structures demonstrate that analysis and characterization based solely on the neutral dangling bonds are clearly inadequate. Contributions of charged defects to the properties of a-Si:H, their effect on light-induced changes are identified together with the limitations of methods commonly used to characterize the solar cell properties and stability of a-Si:H materials. Self-consistent fitting of a wide range of results on films and Schottky barrier cell structures is obtained with a gap state distribution in which charged defects are included.     

关于钢纤维砼在局部压力作用下的强度和延性的研究

介绍钢纤维砼在局部压力作用下的强度和延性的变化规律，再与砼中配有钢筋网片的情况对比，得出了提高砼局部抗压能力的有效方法。     

Comparative Investigation of the Effect of Oxygen Adsorbate and Electrode Work Function on Carbon-Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors

The effect of electrode work function (WF) on the device resistance of carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT-FETs) is less significant than that of device surface chemistry, specifically interactions with molecular oxygen adsorbate. Experimental results are based on over 130 individual devices with electrode WFs varying from 4.17 to 5.21 eV that were tested under standard-atmosphere, ultrahigh-vacuum, and pure-oxygen environments. Oxygen decreased device resistance by an average of 56% and altered majority charge carriers regardless of electrode metal. Variations in CNT-FET performance based on electrode material appeared more closely associated with crystallization and oxidation states than WF.      

微反应器中甲苯液相SO3磺化工艺研究

以具有快速强放热特性的甲苯液相SO3磺化为目标反应,利用微反应器热、质传递能力强的优点,以提高反应性能和过程可控性。针对微反应器内的甲苯液相SO3磺化工艺进行了研究,考察了反应温度、SO3质量分数、SO3与甲苯物质的量之比、空速(LHSV)、产物放置时间、溶剂极性和母液循环次数对产物选择性的影响。结果表明,在温度为28℃、LHSV为13 000 h-1、1,2-二氯乙烷为溶剂的条件下,通过母液多次循环,磺酸异构体产物中对甲苯磺酸的选择性高达96.54%,间甲苯磺酸选择性则降低至0.33%。     

Study on the scattering of 2-D Rayleigh waves by a cavity based on BEM simulation

A frequency domain boundary element method is introduced in this paper to simulate the scattering of two-dimensional Rayleigh waves by a cavity on the surface of an elastic half-space. This numerical method allows the Rayleigh wave to escape the truncated boundary without producing any spurious reflections. The numerical results of the displacements and stresses of a 2-D Rayleigh wave which travels along a flat surface of an elastic half-infinite medium are in good agreement when compared with theoretical ones. The problem of a Rayleigh wave scattering by a cavity on the surface of an elastic half-infinite medium is simulated by the proposed numerical method. The result is taken as the benchmark to introduce an approximate analytical method for such problems of scattering by a cavity on the surface. This numerical method is formulated for a two-dimensional homogeneous, isotropic, linearly elastic half-space and its implementation in a frequency domain boundary scheme is discussed in detail.     

北京地下直径线泥水盾构泥浆特性参数确定

北京地下直径线是北京地区首次在砂卵石地层中采用大直径泥水盾构.为保证施工过程中隧道开挖面的稳定,必须科学确定盾构泥浆特性参数.根据砂卵石地层特点,同时考虑泥水盾构设备输送碴土能力,综合确定盾构泥浆特性参数.此外,北京地下直径线泥水盾构泥浆特性参数的确定还借鉴了类似工程盾构泥浆特性参数的取值.