Developing new mobility services such as electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles services requires not only the interaction and interoperation of independent systems such as electric vehicles, electric infrastructure, or off-board servers, but also the collaboration of independent business partners, namely, car manufacturers, energy providers, and service providers, developing, managing and operating these systems. Such services show both Product Service Systems and Systems of Systems characteristics and, as such, can be defined as Product-Service Systems of Systems. While extensive literature exists on developing and managing PSS product and service elements and SoS constituent systems, little research explicitly focuses on PSSoS stakeholders. In particular, the analysis of PSSoS stakeholder business partnerships and involvement in PSSoS development. PSSoS development is seen as the development, operation, and management of constituent systems. This paper contributes to addressing this gap and proposes an approach to manage stakeholder participation in the PSSoS business partnership and PSSoS development. 相似文献
Three dinuclear coordination complexes generated from 1-n-butyl-2-((5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-yl)methyl)-1H-benzimidazole ( L ), have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and structurally by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Reaction with iron(II) chloride and then copper(II) nitrate led to a co-crystal containing 78 % of [Cu(NO3)(μ-Cl)( L’ )]2 ( C1 ) and 22 % of [Cu(NO3)(μ-NO3)( L’ )]2 ( C2 ), where L was oxidized to a new ligand L’ . A mechanism is provided. Reaction with copper chloride led to the dinuclear complex [Cu(Cl)(μ-Cl)( L) ]2 ( C3 ). The presence of N−H⋅⋅⋅O and C−H⋅⋅⋅O intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure of C1 and C2 , and C−H⋅⋅⋅N and C−H⋅⋅⋅Cl hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of C3 led to supramolecular structures that were confirmed by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The ligands and their complexes were tested for free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The complex C1 / C2 shows remarkable antioxidant activities as compared to the ligand L and reference compounds. 相似文献
This review focuses on advanced materials already used and suitable for application in (future) lunar extravehicular activity space suits. A historical and current literature/market survey is presented. Different functional layers of an astronaut garment are defined with emphasis on the external layers subjected to abrasive action of lunar regolith and degradation via exposure to space radiation/vacuum environment. Requirements are defined that would need to be fulfilled by these layers and suitable materials candidates are reviewed based on their key properties, including mechanical durability. Smart materials, combining additional functionalities, such as garment health monitoring, are also considered. The lead topic is the subject of an ongoing ESA‐funded research activity. 相似文献
3D inverse opal (3D‐IO) oxides are very appealing nanostructures to be integrated into the photoelectrodes of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Due to their periodic interconnected pore network with a high pore volume fraction, they facilitate electrolyte infiltration and enhance light scattering. Nonetheless, preparing 3D‐IO structures directly on nonflat DSSC electrodes is challenging. Herein, 3D‐IO TiO2 structures are prepared by templating with self‐assembled polymethyl methacrylate spheres on glass substrates, impregnation with a mixed TiO2:SiO2 precursor and calcination. The specific surface increases from 20.9 to 30.7 m2 g?1 after SiO2 removal via etching, which leads to the formation of mesopores. The obtained nanostructures are scraped from the substrate, processed as a paste, and deposited on photoelectrodes containing a mesoporous TiO2 layer. This procedure maintains locally the 3D‐IO order. When sensitized with the novel benzothiadiazole dye YKP‐88, DSSCs containing the modified photoelectrodes exhibit an efficiency of 10.35% versus 9.26% for the same devices with conventional photoelectrodes. Similarly, using the ruthenium dye N719 as sensitizer an efficiency increase from 5.31% to 6.23% is obtained. These improvements originate mainly from an increase in the photocurrent density, which is attributed to an enhanced dye loading obtained with the mesoporous 3D‐IO structures due to SiO2 removal. 相似文献
In this work, a new two-step process is developed by exchanging Na+ and Ag+ to create a radial GRIN infrared lens. The first step consists in introducing a high amount of silver by solid-state ion exchange in the surrounding of the glass sample when the second one allows for controllable diffusion of Ag+ within the center of the sample by single heat treatment. Evolution of the refractive index and ∆n between the two extreme compositions of the GRIN are determined as function of the wavelength, predicting a ∆n of 1.42 × 10−1 at 10 µm. Qualitative characterization of the sample reveals the formation of a GRIN chalcogenide glass transparent in the MWIR and LWIR, presenting no detrimental crystallization of residual metallic silver on the edge of the sample. Wavefront measurement allows to quantitatively characterize the 10 mm diameter IR GRIN as a polynomial profile with a ∆n of 1.8 × 10−1 at 10.6 µm. 相似文献
This report presents the fabrication of bifunctional magnetic and fluorescent microneedles (µNDs) made of a ternary mixture of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots (QDs), and polyelectrolyte. The assembly relies on the electrostatic complexation of negatively charged NPs with positively charged polymer strands and is controlled by the charge ratio between the nanoparticle building blocks and the polymer mortar. The resulting 1D objects can be actuated using an external magnetic field and can be imaged using fluorescence microscopy, thanks to the fluorescent and superparamagnetic properties inherited from their NP constituents. Using a combination of core and surface characterizations and a state‐of‐the‐art image analysis algorithm, the dependence of the brightness and length on the ternary composition is thoroughly investigated. In particular, statistics on hundreds of µNDs with a range of compositions show that the µNDs have a log‐lormal length distribution and that their mean length can be robustly tuned in the 5–50 µm range to match the relevant length scales of various applications in micromixing, bioassays or biomechanics. 相似文献
We present in this paper a variation of the self-organising map algorithm where the original time-dependent (learning rate and neighbourhood) learning function is replaced by a time-invariant one. This allows for on-line and continuous learning on both static and dynamic data distributions. One of the property of the newly proposed algorithm is that it does not fit the magnification law and the achieved vector density is not directly proportional to the density of the distribution as found in most vector quantisation algorithms. From a biological point of view, this algorithm sheds light on cortical plasticity seen as a dynamic and tight coupling between the environment and the model. 相似文献
Oxide-dispersion strengthened ferritic steel was produced by high-energy attrition, leading to a complex nanostructure with deformed ferritic grains. After mechanical alloying, the powder was then consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) using various thermo-mechanical treatments. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was also performed on the same powder for comparison. Above 1123 K (850 °C), SPS consolidation-induced heterogeneous microstructure composed of ultra-fine-grained regions surrounded by larger grains. Spatial distribution of the stored energy was measured in the bimodal microstructure using the Kernel average misorientation. In contrary to large recrystallized grains, ultra-fine grains are still substructured with low-angle grain boundaries. The precipitation kinetics of the nano-oxides during consolidation was determined by small-angle neutron scattering. Precipitation mainly occurred during the heating stage, leading to a high density of nanoclusters that are of prime importance for the mechanical properties. Other coarser titanium-enriched oxides were also detected. The multiscale characterization allowed us to understand and model the evolution of the complex microstructure. An analytical evaluation of the contributing mechanisms explains the appearance of the complex grain structure and its thermal stability during further heat treatments. Inhomogeneous distribution of plastic deformation in the powder is the major cause of heterogeneous recrystallization and further grain growth during hot consolidation. Then, the thermal stability of coherent nano-oxides is responsible for effective grain boundary pinning in recovered regions where the driving pressure for recrystallization is lowered. This scenario is confirmed in both SPSed and HIPed materials. 相似文献
The cover picture shows a “reverse” indole derivative in complex with Bacillus stearothermophilus peptide deformylase (PDF). This compound was selected from a structure–activity relationship study as a potent inhibitor of bacterial PDFs and shows antibacterial activity toward Bacillus subtilis as well as other pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. For more details, see the Full Paper by I. Artaud et al. on p. 261 ff.
