生物精炼在造纸工业中的应用现状和前景

生物质是人类最丰富的可再生资源,科学合理地开发利用生物质是人类可持续发展的重要途径之一。生物精练可环境友好地将生物质资源转化为高附加值的、多元化的生物质产品和能源。本文概述了生物精炼发展的意义和现状,并重点论述了未来生物精炼制浆造纸厂的模式以及生物精炼在制浆造纸过程中的应用,同时提出了生物精炼在造纸工业应用中所面临的问题和解决建议。     

Dynamics of methanogenesis,ruminal fermentation,and alfalfa degradation during adaptation to monensin supplementation in goats

This study aimed to examine the temporal (hourly within a day and daily over the long term) effects of monensin on CH₄ emissions, ruminal fermentation, and in situ alfalfa degradation in dairy goats during dietary monensin supplementation by controlling the confounding effects of feed intake and ambient temperature. Six ruminally cannulated dairy goats were used, and they were housed in environmental chambers and fed a restricted amount of ration throughout the experiment. The experiment included a baseline period of 20 d followed by a treatment period of 55 d with 32 mg of monensin/d. During the whole experiment, CH₄ production was measured every 5 d, whereas fermentation characteristics and in situ alfalfa degradation were analyzed every 10 d. The CH₄-depressing effect of monensin was time dependent on the duration of treatment, highly effective at d 5 but thereafter decreased gradually until d 55 even though CH₄-suppressing effect still remained significant. The decreasing effects of monensin on ruminal acetate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio also faded over days of treatment, and the acetate proportion returned up to the pre-supplementation level on d 50. Monensin supplementation elevated ruminal propionate proportion and decreased the effective ruminal degradability of alfalfa NDF, but both measurements tended to recover over time. The postprandial increase rate of hourly CH₄ emissions was reduced, whereas that of propionate proportion was enhanced by monensin supplementation. However, the postprandial responses to monensin in CH₄ emission rates, ruminal VFA profiles, and in situ degradation kinetics declined with both hours after feeding and days of treatment. Our results suggest that the CH₄-suppressing effect of monensin supplementation in goats was attributed to reductions in both ruminal feed degradation and acetate to propionate ratio, but those reductions faded with time, hours after feeding, and days of treatment.     

产低温蛋白酶酵母菌株的筛选及发酵培养基优化

该研究从新疆本地分离获得的200株酵母菌中筛选产低温蛋白酶的菌株,并通过形态观察、生理生化试验及分子生物学方法 对菌株WLY1、WLY2和MLY1进行鉴定,最后通过响应面法对20 ℃条件下蛋白酶活力高的菌株的发酵培养基配方优化。 结果表明, 共筛选到14株产低温蛋白酶菌株,其中3株（WLY1、WLY2和MLY1）于20 ℃条件下仍具有较强的产低温蛋白酶能力,其蛋白酶酶活 力依次为69.03 U/mL、34.20 U/mL、29.70 U/mL;鉴定菌株WLY1、WLY2和MLY1分别为双倒卵形红冬孢酵母（Rhodosporidium diobo- vatum）、Cryptococcus adeliensis、Barnettozyma californica;其中菌株WLY1产低温蛋白酶能力强,且其最佳产蛋白酶培养基配方为酵 母浸粉1.64%、蛋白胨1.21%、干酪素1.48%。在此最优条件下,菌株WLY1的蛋白酶活力达到251.51U/mL,约为优化前的4倍,同比其 他产蛋白酶功能菌具有较大的工业应用潜力。     

水产品中创伤弧菌检测方法建立与应用

目的建立一种水产品中创伤弧菌检测方法 ,并对北京市市售水产品中创伤弧菌污染情况进行监测。方法分别使用18株创伤弧菌菌株和水产品中常污染的背景杂菌,定量接种于检测创伤弧菌的选择性增菌液和4种选择性平板,优化出适合创伤弧菌检测的选择性培养基。采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法和增菌培养法分别检测样品中的创伤弧菌后进行方法对比,建立PCR和增菌培养法相结合的检测方法 ,并应用此方法研究北京市市售水产品中创伤弧菌污染状况。结果改良后的选择性增菌液适用于创伤弧菌的检测。北京市市售水产品中创伤弧菌检出率为15.7%(18/115),其中贝类、蟹类、鱼类和虾类样品的检出率分别为23.4%(15/64)、8.3%(1/12)、5.3%(1/19)和5.0%(1/20)。结论 PCR法与传统增菌培养法相结合,可有效提高创伤弧菌检测效率。北京市市售贝类等水产品中创伤弧菌污染率较高,需引起食品安全风险监测重点关注。     

低脂芝麻酱制取工艺及品质研究

将清选除杂后的芝麻先经液压榨油机进行不同程度的脱脂,再对半脱脂的整籽芝麻进行适度炒制,之后对炒香芝麻进行磨浆得到低脂芝麻酱。为保证芝麻半脱脂过程籽粒不破损,采用分级压榨脱脂工艺技术(榨油机工作压力10~20 MPa,轻压1次和2次,可脱除芝麻中7%~10%的油脂);经一次压榨半脱脂芝麻的炒籽条件为140℃、40 min,经磨浆后得到的低脂芝麻酱与全脂芝麻酱相比较,性状稳定性和氧化稳定性提高,储存期间析油少,油酱分层现象得到明显改善,上浮指数由8.52%降至1.40%,风味和口感(油腻感)也得到适度改善。     

酱香大曲间微生物群落结构时空特征的表征

为比较不同区域、企业、场地及陈曲时间所得酱香型大曲的微生物群落多样性特征差异,本文描述了应用Illumina MiSeq 2×300研究6种不同类型的14个酱香型大曲样品的微生物群落组成。结果表明,优势微生物属于4个不同细菌目和真菌目,其相对丰度分别超过了96.48%和79.75%。芽胞杆菌目(Bacillales)、肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)、乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales)和放线菌目(Actinomycetales)等为优势细菌目,优势真菌则是酵母菌目(Saccharomycetales)、肉座菌目(Hypocreales)、散子囊菌目(Eurotiales)和丝孢酵母目(Trichosporonales)。这些样品检测结果的聚类和非度量多维测度(NMDS)的分析显示,茅台镇与其它类型的样品间其曲心群落多样性差异明显,前者的葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、片球菌属(Pediococus)、假丝酵母属(Candida),曲霉属(Aspergillus)等属微生物丰度较高。在二郎镇地区生产的酱曲香大曲的群落结构组成也不同,陈曲时间也致使其群落多样性呈现差异。这些结果揭示了酱香型大曲的微生物群落具有显著的时空性特征。     

基于计算机模拟探究鱼类烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶源活性肽抗运动疲劳的功效

为了研究鱼类烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶（Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenase,NADH Dehydrogenase）源活性肽抗运动疲劳的功效,该研究利用计算机模拟水解5种我国常见鱼类中的NADH Dehydrogenase蛋白亚基,将模拟水解得到的寡肽与乳酸脱氢酶（Lactate Dehydrogenase,LDH）、肌酸激酶（Creatine Kinase,CK）分别进行分子对接,确定与LDH和CK具有超高亲和力的寡肽（对接分数≤-160）,并利用Pymol、Ligplot+软件分析寡肽与LDH和CK分子间相互作用机制。结果显示,5种鱼类的7种不同NADH Dehydrogenase蛋白亚基经计算机模拟水解和分子对接后共获得72个超高亲和力寡肽,其中,与LDH、CK均具有超高亲和力的寡肽共36种,对接分数最高且出现次数最多的寡肽是PTIW（-198.762、-204.400）。研究结果为提升鱼类蛋白质的高值化利用以及开发抗疲劳功能食品提供理论参考。     

Termites as human foods—A comprehensive review

Global food production is anticipated to rise along with the growth of the global population. As a result, creative solutions must be devised to ensure that everyone has access to nutritious, affordable, and safe food. Consequently, including insects in diets has the potential to improve global food and nutrition security. This paper aims to share recent findings by covering edible termites as the main aspect, from their consumption record until consumer acceptance. A total of 53 termite species are reported as edible ones and distributed in 6 biogeographic realms. Generally, termites have a nutrient composition that is suitable for human consumption, and cooked termites are a better dietary choice than their raw counterparts. Besides, increasing customer interest in eating termite-based food can be achieved by making it more palatable and tastier through various cooking processes, that is, boiling, frying, grilling, roasting, smoking, and sun-drying. Moreover, edible termites can also be used as a new source of medication by exhibiting antimicrobial activity. Regarding their advantages, it is strongly encouraged to implement a seminatural rearing system to sustain the supply of edible termites. Overall, this paper makes it evident that termites are an important natural resource for food or medicine. Hence, the long-term objective is to stimulate scientific inquiry into the potential of edible insects as an answer to the problem of global food security.     

超声辅助醇沉法制备淀粉纳米颗粒同步包埋叶黄素

为制备叶黄素淀粉纳米颗粒(SNPs-叶黄素),以木薯淀粉为原料,叶黄素醇溶液为非溶剂相,通过超声辅助醇沉法制备淀粉纳米颗粒,同步实现对叶黄素的包埋负载。合理平衡叶黄素包埋量及包埋率两个目标参数,在质量分数为3%淀粉乳、叶黄素溶液质量浓度1 mg/mL、淀粉乳与叶黄素醇溶液体积比3∶10条件下,对叶黄素的包埋量达(57.62±0.36)mg/g,包埋率(40.33±0.56)%。场地发射扫描电镜显示同步包埋叶黄素未对淀粉纳米颗粒形貌产生显著影响,均为表面光滑的球状或椭圆状颗粒。激光纳米粒度仪显示SNPs-叶黄素尺寸分布在200～600 nm范围。傅里叶红外光谱显示SNPs-叶黄素在2 856 cm-1处出现叶黄素的C-H特征峰,在1 645 cm-1处H-O-H的振动发生蓝移。X射线衍射显示,与SNPs的大包峰相比,SNPs-叶黄素在7.8,13.1和20.9出现V型淀粉特征衍射峰。贮藏稳定性试验表明,在30 d内,室温(25 ℃)和升温条件下(50 ℃),SNPs-叶黄素中叶黄素的保留率高于叶黄素原料药。     

超临界CO2 萃取制备腰果仁油工艺优化及其脂肪酸成分分析

以腰果仁为原料,采用超临界CO2 萃取技术萃取腰果仁油,研究萃取温度、萃取压强、萃取时间、CO2 流量对腰果仁油得率的影响,通过响应面法优化最佳提取工艺条件,采用气相色谱甲酯法对腰果仁油的脂肪酸成分进行分析。结果表明,超临界CO2 萃取腰果仁油的最佳条件为萃取温度45 ℃、萃取压强40 MPa、CO2 流量4.2 L/min、萃取时间1.6 h,该条件下腰果仁油得率为46.41%,与模型预测结果接近。气相色谱甲酯法对脂肪酸成分分析表明,腰果仁油含有12 种脂肪酸成分,其中含量较高的4 种脂肪酸成分分别为油酸58.42%、亚油酸18.75%、棕榈酸11.160%、硬脂酸9.890%,不饱和脂肪酸含量达78.21%。