Variable frequency inverter with sinusoidal voltage outputs using rotating coordinate transformation

An ideal inverter should have sinusoidal voltage and current outputs. Generally, output voltages of a voltage-source PWM inverter contain high-level switching frequency harmonies due to the PWM operation, while output currents are kept nearly sinusoidal. High-level harmonics contained in output voltages of a voltage-source inverter cause acoustic noises, iron losses and electromagnetic interferences. An LC filter was used to suppress the switching frequency harmonics; however, there is a danger of resonance in the LC filter. Accordingly, to remove harmonics of the LC filter resonance frequency, the authors add a voltage feedback loop. A conventional system can operate without difficulty within 50 Hz. However, with accompanying increases in the output frequency, output voltages are largely delayed and reduced by a high-pass filter inserted in the feedback loop. These problems are caused by a high-pass filter inserted in the feedback loop. Accompanied by the inverter output frequency, a high-pass filter cannot remove the fundamental component perfectly. As a result, a small fundamental component is fed back, which causes a delay and decrease in output voltage. This paper proposes the application of coordinate transformation to a high-pass filter inserted in the feedback loop. As a result, the proposed system realizes an ideal filter which can suppress fundamental frequency components perfectly, and improves the characteristics of the inverter with sinusoidal voltage outputs greatly. Theoretical analyses, simulations and experiments showed satisfactory results. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (4): 94–102, 1997     

Regulation of the Membrane Trafficking of the Mechanosensitive Ion Channels TRPV1 and TRPV4 by Zonular Tension,Osmotic Stress and Activators in the Mouse Lens

Lens water transport generates a hydrostatic pressure gradient that is regulated by a dual-feedback system that utilizes the mechanosensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels, TRPV1 and TRPV4, to sense changes in mechanical tension and extracellular osmolarity. Here, we investigate whether the modulation of TRPV1 or TRPV4 activity dynamically affects their membrane trafficking. Mouse lenses were incubated in either pilocarpine or tropicamide to alter zonular tension, exposed to osmotic stress, or the TRPV1 and TRPV4 activators capsaicin andGSK1016790A (GSK101), and the effect on the TRPV1 and TRPV4 membrane trafficking in peripheral fiber cells visualized using confocal microscopy. Decreases in zonular tension caused the removal of TRPV4 from the membrane of peripheral fiber cells. Hypotonic challenge had no effect on TRPV1, but increased the membrane localization of TRPV4. Hypertonic challenge caused the insertion of TRPV1 and the removal of TRPV4 from the membranes of peripheral fiber cells. Capsaicin caused an increase in TRPV4 membrane localization, but had no effect on TRPV1; while GSK101 decreased the membrane localization of TRPV4 and increased the membrane localization of TRPV1. These reciprocal changes in TRPV1/4 membrane localization are consistent with the channels acting as mechanosensitive transducers of a dual-feedback pathway that regulates lens water transport.     

Biological enantioselective reduction of methylcyclohexanones by Glomerella cingulata

Biological reduction of alkylcyclohexanones by Glomerella cingulata was studied. With this organism regioisomeric 2-, 3- or 4-methylcyclohexanone gave the corresponding cis- and trans-methylcyclohexanols. The major metabolites of (±)-2- and (±)-3-methylcyclohexanone were cis-2- and cis-3-methylcyclohexanol. On the other hand, 4-methylcyclohexanone yielded mainly the trans-4-methylcyclohexanol. In addition, the metabolites from (±)-2- and (±)-3-methylcyclohexanone indicated enantioselective reduction by specific optical rotation of the products. The enantiomeric excesses of the microbiological reduction products were determined by NMR spectra of (+)-MTPA-esters of the alcohols produced. The reduction of (±)-2-methylcyclohexanone was stereospecific, with the (2R)-ketone being converted to the corresponding (+)-cis-2-methylcyclohexanol (1S-2R); absolute configuration, 92% e.e. On the other hand, the enantiomeric excess of the major metabolite of (±)-3-methylcyclohexanone was (−)-cis-3-methylcyclohexanol (1S-3R); absolute configuration, 33% e.e.     

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of geometrical and positional octadecenoic and octadecadienoic acid isomers produced by catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid on Ir/Al2O3

Catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid was studied on Ir/Al₂O₃. A detailed analysis of geometrical and positional isomers of octadecenoic acid (18:1) in the products was performed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography with a new capillary column coated with isocyanopropyl trisilphenylene siloxane (TC-70). Well-resolved peaks of 10 species of 18:1 were observed in the product. In addition to monoenoic acid isomers, four species of trans-dienoic isomers and conjugated dienoic isomers were found. From the distribution of 18:1 isomers, it was found that the double bond closer to the methyl end (Δ12) showed higher reactivity than that closer to the carboxyl end (Δ9) for hydrogenation. Because cis-8 18:1 and trans-8 18:1 were not observed but cis-10 18:1 and trans-10 18:1 were observed in the products, the double-bond Δ9 did not migrate to the carboxyl end but migrated to the methyl end. On the other hand, the Δ12 bond migrated to both methyl and carboxyl ends. From the distribution of 18:1 isomers in the reaction pathway, the hydrogenation of linoleic acid proceeds via half-hydrogenation states. Cis-18:1 isomers were produced predominantly in the initial stage of the reaction, while trans-18:1 isomers were produced during progress of the reaction. The cis/trans and positional isomerization took place by readsorption of 18:1 produced by the partial hydrogenation of linoleic acid.     

A novel utility‐interactive electrical energy storage system making use of electrical double‐layer capacitors and an error tracking mode PWM converter

A novel electrical energy storage system interacting with a commercial ac network was designed and experimentally evaluated. It consists of an ac/dc converter modulated by a constantly sampled PWM scheme called Error Tracking Mode and electrical double‐layer capacitors paralleled by monitor circuits. The ac ratings are 100 V, 500 W, and 1.0 power factor. The storage capacity is designed to be 500 Wh. Since the voltage of the capacitor bank decreases to one‐fourth with discharge, a reversible step‐down chopper is inserted between the bank and the ac/dc converter. ac/dc converter efficiencies of 95.6 and 95.8% were obtained in rectifier operation and inverter operation, respectively. The average switching frequencies were set between 10.4 and 11.2 kHz for all operating conditions. Chopper efficiencies of 94.6% and 93.1% were measured in the charge and discharge modes, respectively. The storage efficiency of the capacitor bank was 89.8%. This novel utility‐interactive energy storage system has demonstrated good and rapid performance. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(2): 52–62, 2000     

Stereoselective reduction of (±)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione by microorganisms

The biotransformation of (±)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione by Aspergillus niger and Glomerella cingulata was investigated. The diketone was reduced to the ketoalcohol 2-endo-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-6-one and the diol endo,endo-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-diol respectively. Endo,endo-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-diol and ketoalcohols produced by G. cingulata had high optical purity, on the other hand, reduction by A. niger yielded optically active (-)-(1R, 2S, 5R, 6S)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-diol(99·9% e.e.). © 1998 SCI     

In Situ Monitoring of Lipid Phase State Make Target Lipid Mixtures Similar to Intercellular Lipid in the Stratum Corneum

In this study, lipid structural change is monitored using Raman spectroscopy during heat treatment, along with the impact of lipid states on the structural and physical properties during the preparation process of the dried and hydrated lipid mixture (LM) similar to intercellular lipid in stratum corneum. The microstructures and thermal behavior of these LMs change depending on the melting of lipid ingredients in the preparation process. It is recognized that variable temperature Raman spectroscopy (VT‐Raman) is a useful and attractive tool for the sensitive in situ monitoring of lipid state changes and lipid melting. The LMs can incorporate D₂O into their structures regardless of preparation temperature due to increasing lattice distance by hydration. These results suggest that monitoring lipid structural changes during the heating step is important to precisely prepare target LMs. Practical Applications: This study reveals that VT‐Raman is a useful and attractive tool in in situ monitoring of lipid state change and lipid melting. The monitoring of the preparation process by VT‐Raman is necessary to precisely prepare the target LM similar to intercellular lipid of stratum corneum because the microstructures and thermal properties of these LMs change depending on the melting of lipid ingredients during the preparation process.     

Time-dependent radiolytic yields at room temperature and temperature-dependent absorption spectra of the solvated electrons in polyols

The molar extinction coefficients at the absorption maximum of the solvated electron spectrum have been evaluated to be 900,970,and 1000 mol~(-1).m~2 for 1,2-ethanediol (12ED),1,2-propanediol (12PD),and 1,3-propanediol (13PD),respectively.These values are two-third or three-fourth of the value usually reported in the published report. Picosecond pulse radiolysis studies have aided in depicting the radiolytic yield of the solvated electron in these sol- vents as a function of time from picosecond to microsecond.The radiolytic yield in these viscous solvents is found to be strongly different from that of the water solution.The temperature dependent absorption spectra of the solvated electron in 12ED,12PD,and 13PD have been also investigated.In all the three solvents,the optical spectra shift to the red with increasing temperature.While the shape of the spectra does not change in 13PD,a widening on the blue side of the absorption band is observed in 12ED and 12PD at elevated temperatures.     

Multiple Pre-Treatment miRNAs Levels in Untreated Major Depressive Disorder Patients Predict Early Response to Antidepressants and Interact with Key Pathways

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a life-impairing disorder, and early successful treatment is important for a favorable prognosis. However, early response to antidepressants differs widely among individuals, and is difficult to predict pre-treatment. As miRNAs have been reported to play important roles in depression, identification of miRNAs associated with antidepressant treatment responses and their interacting genes and pathways will be beneficial in understanding the predictors and molecular mechanisms of depression treatment. This randomized control trial examined miRNAs correlated with the early therapeutic effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; paroxetine or sertraline) and mirtazapine monotherapy. Before medication, we comprehensively analyzed the miRNA expression of 92 depressed participants and identified genes and pathways interacting with miRNAs. A total of 228 miRNAs were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms improvements after 2 weeks of SSRIs treatment, with miR-483.5p showing the most robust correlation. These miRNAs are involved in 21 pathways, including TGF-β, glutamatergic synapse, long-term depression, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Using these miRNAs enabled us to predict SSRI response at week 2 with a 57% difference. This study shows that pre-treatment levels of miRNAs could be used to predict early responses to antidepressant administration, a knowledge of genes, and an identification of genes and pathways associated with the antidepressant response.