Intact and impaired mechanisms of action understanding in autism.

Typically developing children understand and predict others' behavior by extracting and processing relevant information such as the logic of their actions within the situational constraints and the intentions conveyed by their gaze direction and emotional expressions. Children with autism have difficulties understanding and predicting others' actions. With the use of eye tracking and behavioral measures, we investigated action understanding mechanisms used by 18 children with autism and a well-matched group of 18 typically developing children. Results showed that children with autism (a) consider situational constraints in order to understand the logic of an agent's action and (b) show typical usage of the agent's emotional expressions to infer his or her intentions. We found (c) subtle atypicalities in the way children with autism respond to an agent's direct gaze and (d) marked impairments in their ability to attend to and interpret referential cues such as a head turn for understanding an agent's intentions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

A study on the optimization of KCI-based index (Kor-Factor) in evaluating Korean journals

This study describes the development process of Kor-Factor, which is a novel composite evaluation index that was developed to promote Korean domestic academic journals. As more data accumulate, the Kor-Factor’s optimization process was modified in an attempt to address possible drawbacks of the original form; the result is presented in this study. This study compares Kor-Factor with the Impact Factor, which is the most well-known single element evaluation index. We found that Kor-Factor demonstrates a better power of differentiation and a greater capacity to reflect the reputability of key journals. The modified Kor-Factor, which has been developed through an optimization process, reveals a greater power of differentiation than the original Kor-Factor; however, the modified version has less capacity to reflect reputability. The evaluation elements of the modified Kor-Factor are better and are more evenly reflected on the index value than those of the original version. Finally, we propose the establishment of an appropriate data measurement period for the actual application of the index.     

Codes based on BCK-algebras

The notion of a BCK-valued function on a set is introduced, and related properties are investigated. Codes generated by BCK-valued functions are established.     

Microstructures,Mechanical and Chemical Properties of TLP-Bonded Joints in a Duplex Stainless Steel with Amorphous Ni-Based Insert Alloys

The changes in tensile strength and pitting corrosion resistance of transient liquid-phase (TLP)-bonded joints for a duplex stainless steel with MBF-80, MBF-30, and MBF-35 as functions of holding time and filler were interpreted with respect to the bond microstructure. Using MBF-80 after 300 seconds, the fracture strength of the joint reached the maximum value. The failure was dependent on the interplay between the reduction in residual liquid and the increase in interface precipitates. After 3600 seconds, the joint strength had the minimum value. At the same conditions, the tensile strength for MBF-80 was low compared with MBF-35 and MBF-30. In contrast with the tensile strength, the joint produced with MBF-80 for 3600 seconds exhibited the best corrosion resistance. Among the fillers used, the corrosion resistance of the joint using MBF-80 close to that of the substrate could be related intimately to the existence of Cr in this filler.     

A review of metabolism of labeled glucoses for use in measuring glucose recycling

The fate of tritium from each carbon of D-glucose and the metabolism of L-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose are known. Differences in metabolism of labeled glucoses can be used to quantify physical and chemical recycling of glucose. Only physical recycling is measured by [1-3H]-L-glucose, whereas [U-14C]-D-glucose measures total recycling. The difference between [1-3H]-L-glucose and [U-14C]-D-glucose, therefore, is chemical recycling. Recycling from extracellular binding sites and hepatic glucose 6-phosphate can be measured by difference between [1,2-3H]-2-deoxy-D-glucose and [1-3H]-L-glucose, and the difference in irreversible loss of the two will measure extrahepatic uptake of D-glucose. Recycling via Cori-alanine cycle plus CO2 is the difference in irreversible loss measured by using [6-3H]-glucose and [U-14C]-D-glucose. Recycling via the hexose monophosphate pathway can be determined by difference in irreversible loss between [1-3H]-D-glucose and [6-3H]-D-glucose. Recycling via CO2 and glycerol must be measured directly with [U-14C]glucose, bicarbonate, and glycerol. Recycling via hepatic glycogen can be estimated by subtracting all other measured chemical recycling from total chemical recycling. This review describes means to quantify glucose recycling in vivo, enabling studies of mechanisms for conservation and utilization of glucose.     

Perovskite‐Induced Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Humidity Sensor Systems Prepared by Aerosol Deposition at Room Temperature

A new capacitive‐type humidity sensor is proposed using novel materials and fabrication process for practical applications in sensitive environments and cost‐effective functional devices that require ultrasensing performances. Metal halide perovskites (CsPbBr₃ and CsPb₂Br₅) combined with diverse ceramics (Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and BaTiO₃) are selected as sensing materials for the first time, and nanocomposite powders are deposited by aerosol deposition (AD) process. A state‐of‐the‐art CsPb₂Br₅/BaTiO₃ nanocomposite humidity sensor prepared by AD process exhibits a significant increase in humidity sensing compared with CsPbBr₃/Al₂O₃ and CsPbBr₃/TiO₂ sensors. An outstanding humidity sensitivity (21426 pF RH%^?1) with superior linearity (0.991), fast response/recovery time (5 s), low hysteresis of 1.7%, and excellent stability in a wide range of relative humidity is obtained owing to a highly porous structure, effective charge separation, and water‐resistant characteristics of CsPb₂Br₅. Notably, this unprecedented result is obtained via a simple one‐step AD process within a few minutes at room temperature without any auxiliary treatment. The synergetic combination of AD technique and perovskite‐based nanocomposite can be potentially applied toward the development of multifunctional sensing devices.     

Plasmon‐Induced Hot Carrier Separation across Dual Interface in Gold–Nickel Phosphide Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Water Splitting

Precise control of the topology of metal nanocrystals and appropriate modulation of the metal–semiconductor heterostructure is an important way to understand the relationship between structure and material properties for plasmon‐induced solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. Here, a bottom‐up wet chemical approach to synthesize Au/Ni₂P heterostructures via Pt‐catalyzed quasi‐epitaxial overgrowth of Ni on Au nanorods (NR) is presented. The structural motif of the Ni₂P is controlled using the aspect ratio of the Au NR and the effective micelle concentration of the C₁₆TAB capping agent. Highly ordered Au/Pt/Ni₂P nanostructures are employed as the photoelectrocatalytic anode system for water splitting. Electrochemical and ultrafast absorption spectroscopy characterization indicates that the structural motif of the Ni₂P (controlled by the outer‐shell deposition of Ni) helps to manipulate hot electron transfer during surface plasmon decay. With optimized Ni₂P thickness, Pt‐tipped Au NR with an aspect ratio of 5.2 exhibits a geometric current density of 10 mA cm^?2 with an overpotential of 140 mV. The photoanode displays unprecedented long‐term stability with continuous chronoamperometric performance of 50 h at an input potential of 1.5 V with over 30 days. This work provides definitive guidance for designing plasmonic–catalytic nanomaterials for enhanced solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion.     

Oxygen Surface Exchange at Grain Boundaries of Oxide Ion Conductors

The role of grain boundaries on oxygen surface exchange in an oxide ion conductor is reported. Atomic‐scale characterization of the microstructure and chemical composition near the grain boundaries of gadolinia‐doped ceria (GDC) thin films show the segregation of dopants and oxygen vacancies along the grain boundaries using the energy dispersive spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM‐EDS). Kelvin probe microscopy is employed to verify the charge distribution near grain boundaries and shows that the grain boundary is positively charged, indicating a high concentration of oxygen vacancies. AC impedance spectroscopy on polycrystalline GDC membranes with thin interfacial layers with different grain boundary densities at the cathodes demonstrated that the cells with higher grain boundary density result in lower electrode impedance and higher exchange current density. These experimental evidences clearly show that grain boundaries on the surface provide preferential reaction sites for facilitated oxygen incorporation into the GDC electrolyte.     

Precise Extraction of Charge Carrier Mobility for Organic Transistors

Unreliable mobility values, and particularly greatly overestimated values and severely distorted temperature dependences, have recently hampered the development of the organic transistor field. Given that organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have been routinely used to evaluate mobility, precise parameter extraction using the electrical properties of OFETs is thus of primary importance. This review examines the origins of the various mobilities that must be determined for OFET applications, the relevant extraction methods, and the data selection limitations, which help in avoiding conceptual errors during mobility extraction. For increased precision, the review also discusses device fabrication considerations, calibration of both the specific gate‐dielectric capacitance and the threshold voltage, the contact effects, and the bias and temperature dependences, which must actually be handled with great care but have mostly been overlooked to date. This review serves as a systematic overview of the OFET mobility extraction process to ensure high precision and will also aid in improving future research.