黄河源弯曲河流的河段尺度横向冲淤特征研究

弯道横向迁移是弯曲河流周期性演变的主要特征,也是横向冲淤的累积性结果。为认识弯曲河流年际时间尺度下的河岸迁移规律,2018—2020年在黄河源麦曲和兰木错曲河段开展了连续3年的无人机航测。通过影像后处理技术生成高精度地形,对河段尺度的河岸迁移和弯道冲淤特征进行探讨。结果表明:边滩的淤积外延驱动边滩-凹岸宽度的变化,所以弯道河宽变化值超过0.1B（B为河宽）的河段总是位于弯顶段。两个弯曲河段凹冲凸淤特征明显,凹岸侵蚀峰值与凸岸淤积峰值在弯道出口段呈对称分布。麦曲河段的凸岸边滩冲淤共存,但整体淤长,凹岸岸线的冲退宽度反映了河岸侵蚀状况。     

Consumer‐diet discrimination of δ13C and δ15N: Source‐ and feeding‐oriented patterns based on gut content analysis in a large subtropical river of China

Understanding the trophic discrimination (?¹³C and ?¹⁵N) between consumers and diets in fluvial systems remains difficult because of the variable food sources and complex predator–prey interactions from headwaters to the estuaries. Here, stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes in fish and invertebrates from a large subtropical river in southern China were determined to explore trophic discrimination in conjunction with a gut content analysis. The ?¹³C values showed significant differences (p < .05) among functional feeding groups, with fish, shrimp, and insect scrapers presenting higher ?¹³C values (1.20 ± 0.23‰ to 1.51 ± 0.31‰) than other groups. The ?¹⁵N values varied significantly between invertebrates (0.64 ± 0.17‰ of insect collector‐gatherers to 1.63 ± 0.36‰ of shrimp predators) and fish (1.98 ± 0.19‰ of detritivores to 2.71 ± 0.43‰ of crustaceavores) and exhibited an increasing tendency from primary to secondary consumers. A linear regression analysis revealed that the longitudinal changes in ?¹³C and ?¹⁵N were closely associated with the δ¹³C of periphyton, the δ¹⁵N of particulate organic matter (POM) in water, and the relative contribution (%) of periphyton and organic detritus to the diet composition of consumers. These results indicated that discrimination factors might not only be influenced by the isotope signatures of basal food sources but also downstream shifts in dominant food items utilized by consumers. In particular, trophic discrimination between periphyton– and detritus–based food chains, such as “epilithic diatoms–shrimp scrapers–crustaceavorous fish” and “POM–bivalves–molluscivorous fish,” displayed regionally specific patterns. When back‐calculating to the diet assimilation and trophic position in subtropical streams and rivers, we suggest using the basin‐scale ?¹³C value of 0.96 ± 0.26‰ for all consumers and ?¹⁵N values of 1.07 ± 0.32‰ for invertebrates and 2.38 ± 0.37‰ for fish.     

基于窄谱带模型的尾焰红外辐射计算

尾焰红外辐射的计算是飞行器红外辐射计算的重要环节.在尾焰流场工程计算模型的基础上,从燃烧的化学反应出发,解决了尾喷口处气体组分参数的计算问题,利用基于Malkmus窄谱带模型的C-G近似法得到了尾焰红外辐射的快速计算方法.仿真结果表明,该方法能够快速准确地计算出尾焰的辐射,能为红外制导导弹仿真中飞机目标红外辐射的计算提供有效途径.     

Dietary fibre components,antioxidant activities and hydration properties of ripe persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Daebong) peel powders as affected by different washing treatments

Dietary fibre components, hydration properties and antioxidant activities such as 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power, metal chelating and 2,2′‐azino‐bis,3‐ethyl‐benzo‐thiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of persimmon peel powders using different washing treatments (tap water at 20 °C and hot water) were investigated. Peel powder obtained from hot water‐washed peels (74.95 g per 100 g) had higher dietary fibre content than tap water‐washed (65.50 g per 100 g) and unwashed (60.99 g per 100 g) peels. The higher content of total phenolic and ascorbic acid were found in peel powder obtained from unwashed peels, whereas washed peels had more β‐carotene content. The EC₅₀ values of scavenging DPPH and ABTS radical for peel powders obtained from unwashed, tap water‐washed and hot water‐washed peels were 75.44, 142.18 and 110.17 μg mL^?1 respectively and 5.31, 5.34 and 5.39 μg mL^?1 respectively. Therefore, hot water washing is recommended to obtain better quality products from persimmon peel for use as a fibre supplement.     

锑掺杂二氧化锡(ATO)导电粉体的研究进展

介绍了锑掺杂二氧化锡(ATO)的特点、导电机理、制备方法研究现状及目前存在的问题.ATO具有良好的导电性、浅色透明性、稳定性、粒子纳米化及多功能性,指出氧空位和Sb5+在SnO2禁带形成施主能级并向导带提供n型载流子是ATO导电的两种主要机理,主要介绍了液相法中常用制备超细ATO粉体的方法:沉淀法、溶胶一凝胶法和醇盐水解法,最后指出了制备超细ATO粉体存在的问题及解决方法.     

Preparation of C/C composites by the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of propane pyrolysis

The preparation of C/C composites by the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of the pyrolysis carbon from propane was studied. Pyrolysis carbon was deposited at 30 torr and at temperatures between 1,173 and 1,233 K. The rate of carbon deposition increased slightly with time. The main gas products in the exit gas were methane, ethylene, and acetylene. The fraction of ethylene decreased and that of acetylene increased with the reaction temperature and the propane concentration. The produced propyl radicals reacted further at a high temperature and at a high propane concentration. These trends were similar to those of the reported data. Changes of the shapes of deposited carbon in the pores of preform were confirmed with SEM photos. The mathematical modeling of the system with the deposition rate constant from the reference estimated experimental data well.     

Fracture Mechanics of Solder Bumps During Ball Shear Testing: Effect of Bump Size

This paper examines the mechanics of ball shear testing with the objective of understanding the mechanism by which the maximum shear force and the rate of crack growth is dependent on the solder bump size. For this, Pb-Sn solder bumps with diameters between 460 μm and 760 μm are soldered to 400 μm-diameter Cu pads and subjected to ball shear testing. In spite of the constant interface area, the bump size significantly impacts the measured shear fracture force and the crack growth rate. Both the fracture force and the crack growth rate increase with bump size, and in the case of the fracture force, the increase is almost linear. Our analysis finds that the linear increase in the fracture force is a result of the bump deformation force, which increases with bump size. A simple model that accounts for the deformation force component is developed and used to extract the true interface fracture force. The estimated true interface fracture force is found to vary little with bump size, tightly converging to the 40 MPa to 48 MPa range. On the other hand, the dependence of crack growth rate on bump size is found to result from the higher degree of rotational moment associated with larger bumps.     

Effect of high‐pressure processing on immunoreactivity,microbial and physicochemical properties of hazelnut milk

This study investigated the effects of high‐pressure processing (HPP) and thermal processing (TP) on the overall quality attributes of hazelnut milk. HPP achieved the same microbial safety as TP, and the pH, °Brix and sugar contents were maintained at the levels of fresh hazelnut milk. Although HPP caused colour changes, the ?E was smaller than that of the TP sample. Increasing pressure significantly decreased the immunoreactivity of the hazelnut milk by 70%, while simultaneously reducing the levels of essential and non‐essential amino acids and chemical score (CS) and the essential amino acid index (EAAI) values. However, neither HPP nor TP significantly affected the fatty acid composition of hazelnut milk. HPP retained higher total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the hazelnut milk, with a better antioxidant capacity than TP samples. Thus, the HPP maintained microbial safety during cold storage, and physicochemical properties of the treated hazelnut milk were not significantly different from those of the fresh hazelnut milk.     

Study on lamellar tearing generated by corner joint welding in box column of ultrathick plate

Abstract

In an attempt to reduce the risk of lamellar tearing during welding of ultrathick plates, the present study has evaluated the susceptibility to lamellar tearing of steel structures in relation to welding stress rather than metallurgical properties, and eventually attempted to determine the optimum groove shape and welding procedure by computer simulation based on the finite element method. Based on the simulation, it has been identified that controlling the shape of the deposited weld metal in the anticipated position of the occurrence of lamellar tearing is the most favourable method of preventing lamellar tearing by minimising welding residual stress and strain. Owing to the difference in weld deposited area, the cooling rate for the partial penetration condition is more rapid than for full penetration. Furthermore, in terms of welding residual stress, the full penetration condition is preferable to the partial penetration condition.