Recent Developments in the Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Zirconium(IV) Based Composite Ion Exchangers

This article provides a review in the area of zirconium(IV) based organic–inorganic composite ion exchange materials used in analytical, pharmaceutical and environmental protection processes. It focuses on the synthesis, characterization and electroanalytical applications of various Zr(IV)-based composite ion exchangers in detail. The results obtained in different studies have also been critically reviewed. Also reviewed are the various composite cation exchange materials used as electroactive materials for the fabrication of ion-selective membrane electrodes. The ion exchange kinetic parameters of Zr(IV) based composite ion exchangers have been discussed, which provide the preliminary idea before the selection of the material for a particular application.