Acoustical tomography based on the second-order Born transformperturbation approximation

Reconstruction algorithms and their numerical examples of acoustical tomography based on the second-order Born transform perturbation approximation are presented. The reconstruction algorithms in the second-order Born approximation are similar in form to those in the first-order Born approximation. Replacing the angular spectrum of the scattered wave in the first-order case by the result of applying a first-order operator to the angular spectrum of the scattered wave or applying a second-order operator to the angular spectrum of the incident wave leads to the second-order reconstruction algorithms. Also, comparisons of reconstruction algorithms of the first- and second-order Born approximations are given, and they show that the second-order Born approximation algorithms have a distinct advantage over the first-order approximations in many cases     

Non-steady-state model for kinetics of free radical polymerization, 4. Direct thermal initiation

This paper deals with the non-steady-state kinetics of direct thermal initiated polymerization. The initiation is assumed to be a bimolecular reaction of the monomer. The relationship between the radical concentration and the monomer conversion is rigorously derived. In further treatment a few very close approximations are introduced based on the fact that the number of monomer molecules reacting in the initiation step is much less than that consumed in the propagation step for a process producing high polymer, and the value of the rate constant for propagation or chain transfer is much lower than that for chain termination. Expressions for various molecular parameters, such as molecular weight distribution, number-average and weight-average degrees of polymerization, and dispersity, are given. Several numerical examples are provided.     

Observation of atomic steps on CaCO3 crystal surface

By using scanning polarization force microscopy,the deliquescence process and the atomic steps on the cleavage surface of CaCO3 in air were studied in situ.Under an exposure to medium umidity(-57%),the sloiw step movement has been observed.     

Pore size control of porous silica by sol-gel process

Porous silica glass was prepared by sol-gel process from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The effects of solvents (water, ethanol), drying condition, heat treatment temperature on specific surface area and pore size distribution of porous silica were investigated. Gelation process accelerates with an increase of H₂O content, while retards with the increase of ethanol amount. Structure changes during heat treatment were studied by means of DTA, XRD. TEM micrographs show that the gel particles shrink after heated at 500°C, thus the average pore size decreases.     

石蜡光氯化合成氯蜡－70的研究──（Ⅲ）反应过程致色因素考察及生色机理研究

氯蜡－７０是—应用广泛、性能优良的精细化工产品，其色泽是—重要的技术指标，直接影响着产品的质量和应用。本文考察了合成反应过程导致生色的因素，指出原料中含有的少量环烷烃、芳烃、杂环有机物及少量无机杂质能影响产品的色泽，实验表明温度过高，光源波长选择不当也是致色的重要原因。研究了致色的过程，提出其生色历程是按照β－消除反应机理进行的，并做了具体描述。     

A study on the anodic protection of Titanium evaporators in Al2(SO4)3 solution

The feasibility of the anodic protection of titanium evaporators in Al₂(SO₄)₃ solution was studied by the measurement of polarization curves, weight loss, solubility of passive film and AC impedance. The protection parameters and efficiency were determined. In addition, the practical technology of anodic protection was studied by screening reference electrodes and auxiliary cathodes. Throwing power was also measured. Four rows of tube-type evaporators of titanium have been anodically protected in situ. Field tests lasting more than one year show satisfactory results.     

H∞ control versus disturbance-observer-basedcontrol

In the motion control field, a disturbance observer-based disturbance canceling control is often used as a robust control methodology. However, this method is nothing more than an alternative design of an integral controller, and the robust stability issue cannot be directly accounted for. In this paper, an extended H_∞ control scheme is proposed as a new robust motion control method which achieves the disturbance cancellation ability and guarantees robust stability automatically