Sphingolipids at Plasmodesmata: Structural Components and Functional Modulators

Plasmodesmata (PD) are plant-specific channels connecting adjacent cells to mediate intercellular communication of molecules essential for plant development and defense. The typical PD are organized by the close apposition of the plasma membrane (PM), the desmotubule derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and spoke-like elements linking the two membranes. The plasmodesmal PM (PD-PM) is characterized by the formation of unique microdomains enriched with sphingolipids, sterols, and specific proteins, identified by lipidomics and proteomics. These components modulate PD to adapt to the dynamic changes of developmental processes and environmental stimuli. In this review, we focus on highlighting the functions of sphingolipid species in plasmodesmata, including membrane microdomain organization, architecture transformation, callose deposition and permeability control, and signaling regulation. We also briefly discuss the difference between sphingolipids and sterols, and we propose potential unresolved questions that are of help for further understanding the correspondence between plasmodesmal structure and function.     

Investigation of Nitrite Production Pathway in Integrated Partial Denitrification/Anammox Process via Isotope Labelling Technique and the Relevant Microbial Communities

In this study,the nitrogen removal performance of partial denitrificaiton/anammox(PDA) process was investigated by using an UASB reactor.High total nitrogen(TN) removal efficiency(91.97%) was achieved at an influent nitrogen loading rate of 0.64 kg/(m³·d).Anammox bacteria did execute the function of converting nitrate to nitrite in PDA system according to ¹⁵N isotope labeling experiments and the contribution was approximately 36.3%.Candidatus＿Brocadia,Candidatus＿Kuenenia an...     

Influence of phosphorus on iron-based friction material prepared directly from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates

In situ selective carbothermic reactions and vacuum sintering were used to prepare iron-based friction material directly from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite c...     

Orbitrap高分辨质谱法快速筛查上海市流通环节蔬菜的农药残留

摘 要：目的 建立蔬菜农药多残留的筛查方法。方法 使用国家标准方法规定的QuEChERS法净化蔬菜样品,结合静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法(orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry)开展809种农药的快速非靶向筛查。结果 62种阳性农药的筛查限(screening detection limit, SDL)为0.005~0.010 mg/kg,定量限(limits of quantitation, LOQ)为0.01 mg/kg,线性范围为0.01~0.20 mg/kg,线性相关系数(r2)为0.9917~0.9997,日内精密度为2.77%~6.98% (n=5),日间精密度为4.82%~10.8% (n=5)。200批次样品共检出62种农药,不合格样品28批次,不合格率为14.0%。豇豆的不合格情况比较突出,不合格样品22批次,主要的不合格项是灭蝇胺和噻虫胺。结论 方法快速、准确、分析通量高,在无标准品的情况下实现了蔬菜中809种农药的非靶向快速筛查,可为蔬菜农药残留风险监测和质量控制提供支撑。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定牛奶中三氮脒残留

目的 本研究旨在结合超高效液相色谱－串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)技术,建立简便、快速的样品前处理方法,对牛奶中的痕量三氮脒残留进行检测。方法 用1%乙酸乙腈溶液振荡提取后,在-4℃条件下高速离心,取上清液旋转蒸干后,用10%乙腈水溶液复溶,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪在正离子扫描及多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式下分析,外标法定量。结果 牛奶中三氮脒的检出限(limit of detection, LOD)为5 μg/kg,定量限(limit of quantification, LOQ)为15 μg/kg,在20~1000 μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数(r)为0.9993。将所研究的方法应用于实际牛奶样本中,其加标回收率在81.65%至85.49%之间,日内精密度分别在4.5%~5.5%,日间精密度在5.9%~8.2%之间。结论 本方法采用振荡提取加低温高速离心净化的前处理方法,简单快速,结合UPLC-MS/MS,可实现痕量水平残留的高灵敏度检测,适用于快速、高灵敏检测牛奶及其他动物源性食品中的三氮脒残留。     

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies a Rice Panicle Blast Resistance Gene,Pb2, Encoding NLR Protein

Rice blast is one of the main diseases in rice and can occur in different rice growth stages. Due to the complicated procedure of panicle blast identification and instability of panicle blast infection influenced by the environment, most cloned rice resistance genes are associated with leaf blast. In this study, a rice panicle blast resistance gene, Pb2, was identified by genome-wide association mapping based on the panicle blast resistance phenotypes of 230 Rice Diversity Panel 1 (RDP1) accessions with 700,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A genome-wide association study identified 18 panicle blast resistance loci (PBRL) within two years, including 9 reported loci and 2 repeated loci (PBRL2 and PBRL13, PBRL10 and PBRL18). Among them, the repeated locus (PBRL10 and PBRL18) was located in chromosome 11. By haplotype and expression analysis, one of the Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich Repeat (NLR) Pb2 genes was highly conserved in multiple resistant rice cultivars, and its expression was significantly upregulated after rice blast infection. Pb2 encodes a typical NBS-LRR protein with NB-ARC domain and LRR domain. Compared with wild type plants, the transgenic rice of Pb2 showed enhanced resistance to panicle and leaf blast with reduced lesion number. Subcellular localization of Pb2 showed that it is located on plasma membrane, and GUS tissue-staining observation found that Pb2 is highly expressed in grains, leaf tips and stem nodes. The Pb2 transgenic plants showed no difference in agronomic traits with wild type plants. It indicated that Pb2 could be useful for breeding of rice blast resistance.     

Molecular and Physiological Responses of Citrus sinensis Leaves to Long-Term Low pH Revealed by RNA-Seq Integrated with Targeted Metabolomics

Low pH-induced alterations in gene expression profiles and organic acids (OA) and free amino acid (FAA) abundances were investigated in sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan] leaves. We identified 503 downregulated and 349 upregulated genes in low pH-treated leaves. Further analysis indicated that low pH impaired light reaction and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, thereby lowering photosynthesis in leaves. Low pH reduced carbon and carbohydrate metabolisms, OA biosynthesis and ATP production in leaves. Low pH downregulated the biosynthesis of nitrogen compounds, proteins, and FAAs in leaves, which might be conducive to maintaining energy homeostasis during ATP deprivation. Low pH-treated leaves displayed some adaptive responses to phosphate starvation, including phosphate recycling, lipid remodeling, and phosphate transport, thus enhancing leaf acid-tolerance. Low pH upregulated the expression of some reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aldehyde detoxifying enzyme (peroxidase and superoxidase) genes and the concentrations of some antioxidants (L-tryptophan, L-proline, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, and pyroglutamic acid), but it impaired the pentose phosphate pathway and V_E and secondary metabolite biosynthesis and downregulated the expression of some ROS and aldehyde detoxifying enzyme (ascorbate peroxidase, aldo-keto reductase, and 2-alkenal reductase) genes and the concentrations of some antioxidants (pyridoxine and γ-aminobutyric acid), thus disturbing the balance between production and detoxification of ROS and aldehydes and causing oxidative damage to leaves.     

Green revolution in electronic displays expected to ease energy and health crises

The technological revolution of long-awaited energy-saving and vision-friendly displays represented by bistable display technology is conning.Here we discuss methods,challenges,and opportunities for implementing bistable displays in terms of molecular design,device structure,further expansion,and required criteria,hopefully benefiting the light-related community.     

人工智能技术课程实践教学改革

根据人工智能技术课程的教学情况,从教学内容、教学方法、教学案例、考核方式、培养实践能力五个方面探讨教学改革.提出在不断更新教学内容和"课堂讲授-课下辅导"模式的基础上,加强网络资源的利用,增加贯穿整个教学过程的分组报告,设计出提高创新能力的教学案例,开展具有多元考核方式以及循序渐进的动态实验设置模式的实践教学改革,以有...     

Trans-Reduction of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Proteins by Notch-Derived EGF-like Sequences

Cysteine oxidation states of extracellular proteins participate in functional regulation and in disease pathophysiology. In the most common inherited dementia, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), mutations in NOTCH3 that alter extracellular cysteine number have implicated NOTCH3 cysteine states as potential triggers of cerebral vascular smooth muscle cytopathology. In this report, we describe a novel property of the second EGF-like domain of NOTCH3: its capacity to alter the cysteine redox state of the NOTCH3 ectodomain. Synthetic peptides corresponding to this sequence (NOTCH3 N-terminal fragment 2, NTF2) readily reduce NOTCH3 N-terminal ectodomain polypeptides in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Furthermore, NTF2 preferentially reduces regional domains of NOTCH3 with the highest intensity against EGF-like domains 12–15. This process requires cysteine residues of NTF2 and is also capable of targeting selected extracellular proteins that include TSP2 and CTSH. CADASIL mutations in NOTCH3 increase susceptibility to NTF2-facilitated reduction and to trans-reduction by NOTCH3 produced in cells. Moreover, NTF2 forms complexes with the NOTCH3 ectodomain, and cleaved NOTCH3 co-localizes with the NOTCH3 ectodomain in cerebral arteries of CADASIL patients. The potential for NTF2 to reduce vascular proteins and the enhanced preference for it to trans-reduce mutant NOTCH3 implicate a role for protein trans-reduction in cerebrovascular pathological states such as CADASIL.