Remarkable Improvements in Volumetric Energy and Power of 3D MnO2 Microsupercapacitors by Tuning Crystallographic Structures

Transition‐metal oxides as faradaic charge‐storage intermediates sandwiched between conductor and electrolyte are key components to store/deliver high‐density energy in microsupercapacitors for many applications in miniaturized portable electronics and microelectromechanical systems. While the conductor facilitating their electron transports, they generally suffer from a switch of rate‐determining step to their sluggish redox reactions in pseudocapacitive energy storage, during which poor cation accessibility and diffusion leads to high internal resistances and lowers volumetric capacitance and rate performance. Here it is shown that the faradaic processes in a model system of MnO₂ can be radically boosted by tuning crystallographic structures from cryptomelane (α‐MnO₂) to birnessite (δ‐MnO₂). As a result of greatly enhanced Na⁺ accessibility and diffusion, 3D layered crystalline δ‐MnO₂ microelectrodes exhibit volumetric capacitance as high as ≈922 F cm^?3 (≈1.5‐fold higher than α‐MnO₂, ≈617 F cm^?3) and excellent rate performance. This enlists δ‐MnO₂ microsupercapacitor to deliver ultrahigh stack electrical powers (up to ≈295 W cm^?3) while maintaining volumetric energy density much higher than that of thin‐film lithium battery.     

燃油喷射正时对直喷式天然气发动机性能的影响

使用快速压缩装置研究了燃油喷射正时对直喷式天然气发动机性能的影响。研究结果表明,提早喷射（喷射正时60ms)会降低燃烧初期放热速率而增加后期放热速率;推迟喷射（喷射正时75ms)会增加燃烧初期放热速率而降低后期放热速率;在喷射持续期结束时（喷射正时80ms)点火放热持续期最短;提早喷射增加火焰发展期而推迟喷射会增加后燃期;在当量比相同且大于0.8的条件下,提早喷射会产生相对量低的CO,而推迟喷射会产生相对量高的CO;在当量比为0.6-0.8时,不同喷射正时条件下NOx均较高,喷射推迟NOx降低;在当量比为0.5-0.8时,燃烧效率较高,当量比小于0.5或大于0.8时燃烧效率都会降低。     

引进型300MW汽轮机可靠性增长规律的研究

提出了上海引进型300MW汽轮机可靠性的增长模型,并介绍了该增长模型的统计分析方法,运行可靠性数据的统计和可靠性增长分析的结果表明,制造了采取的可靠性改进措施是有效的,上海引进型300MW汽轮机的可靠性虽增长趋势,图5表1参2。     

大型水轮发电机组主轴系统动力特性研究现状及建模方法

水轮发电机组动态特性研究的关键,在于建立正确的数学模型、确定重要零部件边界条件以及采用稳定、高精度的求解方法.本文论述了机组主轴系统动态响应的求解现状及建模方法,分析了几个重要相关零部件的边界条件确定,即支承部件的动力学建模问题.     

发达国家碳中和主要行动及对我国的启示

碳达峰和碳中和是推动经济社会绿色转型和系统性深刻变革的重要途径,也是人类主动应对气候变化的有效手段。发达国家碳中和的主要政策管理手段和发展方式包括：制定政策和立法,明确与碳中和相关的关键问题;发展循环经济,推动工业和民用领域废品回收再生利用;健全和完善碳交易市场,推进碳金融产品创新。阐述了发达国家在电力、交通、建筑、工业4个主要领域推进碳中和采取的典型做法及新兴技术方向,氢能、CCUS和生物质能发展迅速。发达国家碳中和主要行动对我国有3点启示：一是积极构建适应我国碳中和目标的政策管理手段和发展方式,包括制定和完善我国碳中和的目标、时间表和路线图,加快发展循环经济,健全和完善碳交易市场等;二是分类施策,制定重点领域碳中和行动方案,制定符合国情的能源发展路径,推进交通领域结构性减排,推动建筑领域电气化,推进工业领域节能降耗等;三是积极发展氢能、CCUS、生物质等新兴技术和产业,助力碳中和目标实现。     

基于0-1整数规划算法的PMU量测点优化配置新方法

为了提高同步相量测量装置的优化配置速度,提出了基于0-1整数规划算法的PMU量测点优化配置方法。在0-1整数规划算法的基础上,根据节点的可观测性建立数学模型,考虑节点间的相互关系构建邻接矩阵并进行分析,求解量测点模型获得量测配置优化位置。对IEEE-14和IEEE-18节点系统进行实验仿真,并利用Lingo工具验证所提0-1整数规划算法,获取PMU优化位置和速度。该算法与未改进的0-1整数规划算法相对比,结果表明,该方法减少了变量数目,简化了约束条件,减少了迭代次数,提高了收敛速度,验证了所提方法的有效性和实用性。     

Dual‐Phase Single‐Ion Pathway Interfaces for Robust Lithium Metal in Working Batteries

The lithium (Li) metal anode is confronted by severe interfacial issues that strongly hinder its practical deployment. The unstable interfaces directly induce unfavorable low cycling efficiency, dendritic Li deposition, and even strong safety concerns. An advanced artificial protective layer with single‐ion pathways holds great promise for enabling a spatially homogeneous ionic and electric field distribution over Li metal surface, therefore well protecting the Li metal anode during long‐term working conditions. Herein, a robust dual‐phase artificial interface is constructed, where not only the single‐ion‐conducting nature, but also high mechanical rigidity and considerable deformability can be fulfilled simultaneously by the rational integration of a garnet Al‐doped Li_6.75La₃Zr_1.75Ta_0.25O₁₂‐based bottom layer and a lithiated Nafion top layer. The as‐constructed artificial solid electrolyte interphase is demonstrated to significantly stabilize the repeated cell charging/discharging process via regulating a facile Li‐ion transport and a compact Li plating behavior, hence contributing to a higher coulombic efficiency and a considerably enhanced cyclability of lithium metal batteries. This work highlights the significance of rational manipulation of the interfacial properties of a working Li metal anode and affords fresh insights into achieving dendrite‐free Li deposition behavior in a working battery.     

Recent Developments in Top‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have rapidly progressed in recent years due to their unique characteristics and potential applications in flat panel displays. Significant advancements in top‐emitting OLEDs have driven the development of large‐size screens and microdisplays with high resolution and large aperture ratio. After a brief introduction to the architecture and types of top‐emitting OLEDs, the microcavity theory typically used in top‐emitting OLEDs is described in detail here. Then, methods for producing and understanding monochromatic (red, green, and blue) and white top‐emitting OLEDs are summarized and discussed. Finally, the status of display development based on top‐emitting OLEDs is briefly addressed.     

Effect of solution concentration on surface morphology and photocatalytic activity of ZnO thin films synthesized by hydrothermal methods

ZnO thin films were synthesized via hydrothermal method on silicon substrate at various solution concentrations. The thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscope and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The results show that the thin films are polycrystalline with wurtzite hexagonal structure. The T _c values of (101) surface of the thin film increase from 0.929 to 1.840 at first, and then decrease to 0.779 with increasing solution concentration. The preferential orientation along the (101) crystal surface can be controlled by changing the solution concentration. Solution concentration has a significant effect on surface morphology of the thin films. The optical band gap of the thin films decreases, when the solution concentration of zinc nitrate hexahydrate increases from 0.01 to 0.06 mol/L and then increases when the solution concentration of zinc nitrate hexahydrate further increases to 0.08 mol/L. Photocatalytic activity of the thin films on degradation of methyl orange under UV light irradiation was studied in detail. The ZnO thin film with many cracks prepared from 0.01 mol/L shows the higher photocatalytic activity but the tower-like ZnO thin film prepared from 0.08 mol/L reveals the lower photocatalytic activity. Therefore, the photocatalytic activity of the thin films are mainly relate to surface morphology and crystallographic orientation.