Photoinduced Proton Transfer between Photoacid and pH‐Sensitive Dyes: Influence Factors and Application for Visible‐Light‐Responsive Rewritable Paper

Ink‐free printing based on rewritable paper is an efficient and environmental friendly way to reuse paper, protect resources, and save energy for sustainable development of human society. Among various kinds of rewritable media, light responsive rewritable paper (LRP) is one of the most popular research areas due to its clean and favorable noncontact writing. Visible light is more suitable for LRP for its superior penetration and much less damages to organic molecules than UV light. However, visible‐light‐responsive rewritable paper (VLRP) has only limited successes so far. Herein, a VLRP is newly designed and fabricated based on photoinduced proton transfer (PPT) between photoacid and pH‐sensitive dyes. Success of it is highly benefited from systematical investigation and in‐depth understanding on the key influence factors, such as concentration‐induced undesired isomerization, temperature, humidity, and light intensity, on the PPT and its inverse process. As‐prepared VLRP shows long‐awaited properties, such as, high color contrast and resolution, appropriate legible time of prints, excellent reversibility (>100 cycles), easiness to achieve multicolor prints, and agreeing well with environmental concept of green printing. In addition, study of influence factors on PPT in this work, to some extent, may also help people understand complex photocycle process in biosystem.     

黑曲霉孢子灭活前后红外消光特性

黑曲霉孢子是生物气溶胶的重要组成部分,质量消光系数是研究黑曲霉孢子电磁衰减特性的重要参数。采用压片法测量了灭活前后黑曲霉孢子2.5~15 um 波段的反射光谱,并利用Krames-Kronig(K-K)关系计算了黑曲霉孢子红外波段的复折射率。基于Mie 散射理论求出了灭活前后黑曲霉孢子红外波段的质量消光系数,并对结果进行了分析和讨论。分析结果表明:3~5 um 波段,灭活后平均质量消光系数降低了4.6%,8~14 um 波段,灭活后平均质量消光系数降低了89.5%,由此可知,保持活性对于提高黑曲霉孢子的电磁衰减能力具有重要的意义。     

Effect of organic/inorganic coating on moisture diffusion in a chip-on-board package with globtop

The moisture diffusion in globtop material for a chip-on-board (COB) package coated with SiN_x and silicone, respectively, or coated with SiN_x plus silicone were measured by embedding a humidity sensor in the globtop and recording the capacitive change in three different temperature/humidity environments. The experimental results were simulated by Fick’s diffusion law with finite-element method modeling. The moisture diffusion coefficients and activation energies were calculated to quantitatively compare the moisture-resistance effects of different coatings. For example, at 85°C/85% RH, the moisture diffusion coefficients for the uncoated reference, SiN_x-coated, silicone-coated, and silicone/SiN_x double-layered coated samples are 1E-5, 0.8E-5, 0.7E-5, and 0.2E-5 mm²/s, respectively. The experimental and simulation results show that double-layered coating with silicone/SiN_x has excellent moisture-resistance properties because it not only smoothes the steps on a printed circuit board (PCB) but also keeps the good moisture resistance of the inorganic films.     

On teletraffic applications to OBS

We provide teletraffic models for loss probability evaluation of optical burst switching (OBS). We show that the popular Engset formula is not exact for OBS modeling and demonstrate that in certain cases it is not appropriate. A new exact model is provided. The various models are compared using numerical results for various OBS alternatives with and without burst segmentation.     

ZCZ‐CDMA and OFDMA using M‐QAM for broadband wireless communications

This paper considers direct‐sequence code‐division multiple‐access with zero‐correlation zone sequences (ZCZ‐CDMA) and orthogonal frequency‐division multiple‐access (OFDMA) schemes using M‐ary QAM signaling for broadband wireless communications. Their system structures, complexities and performances in both AWGN and multipath frequency‐selective fading channels are evaluated and compared. For ZCZ‐CDMA, joint suppression of the multipath fading interference and multiple‐access interference can be achieved with a reduced family‐size of the spreading sequences. For OFDMA, analytical and simulation results indicate that it has the same performance as ZCZ‐CDMA in fast time‐varying multipath fading channels. In time‐invariant or slowly time‐varying channels, where the channel information can be made available to transmitters, OFDMA outperforms ZCZ‐CDMA, offers a higher capacity and is more flexible for system reconfiguration with a comparable computational complexity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Angular memory and frequency interferometry for mean heightprofiling of a rough surface

The polarimetric angular memory effect is applied to obtain the average topographic height of a rough surface. This novel effect improves the height sensitivity while maintaining a good degree of correlation between the sensors. By using a reference flat surface, the interferometric phase is linearly related to the mean topographic height. The combination of angular memory and wideband frequency interferometry (AMFI) is realized and offers a means to design a robust interferometric system. Extension of the technique to the pulse scattering problem is studied through the two-frequency mutual coherence function, and its time-domain transform provides an equivalent way to obtain the mean topographic height by combining both spatial and temporal diversity. Millimeter-wave (MMW) experiments are conducted with rough surfaces of different statistics and scattering media of different types (gravel, sand, and rough surfaces) to prove the effectiveness of the technique     

Beating the heat [CMOS hot-carrier reliability]

CMOS hot-carrier reliability at both transistor and circuit levels has been examined. Accurate reliability assessment requires defining suitable criteria for acceptable performance for both circuit and individual transistors. As device designers meet demands for greater speed and more complex circuitry accompanied by shrinking the size of transistor into the deep-submicron regime, they have to contend with increase in current densities and higher electric fields. Though in general a MOSFET's driving capability increases as the channel length decreases, the resulting high field will eventually limit the driving capability of the device. The authors discuss improving CMOS hot-carrier reliability through analysis, modelling and simulation     

Dual tunable wavelength Er,Yb:glass laser for terahertz beatfrequency generation

Dual tunable wavelength operation of Er,Yb:phosphate glass laser is reported. The spatial separation of the laser eigenstates and the use of two properly designed intracavity etalons permit one to tune the two wavelengths independently from 1540.5 to 1562.7 nm. The generated beat note, monitored using a Michelson interferometer, is experimentally shown to be adjustable from dc to 2.7 THz. The linewidth of this beat note is found to be less than 10 kHz. Several applications are discussed     

High-power high-efficiency quasi-CW Sb-based mid-IR lasers using1.9-μm laser diode pumping

Power efficiency is a critical issue for mid-infrared (mid-IR) semiconductor lasers. Previously, the highest power and efficiency 4-μm laser was pumped with 0.98-μm laser diode. This letter used 1.9-μm diode pumping for better quantum defect ratio and heat flow geometry. A 3.7-μm InAsSb-AlAsSb laser yielded a pump-power-limited 1.25-W single-ended output in 1-ms-long pulse with 6.5% net optical-to-optical efficiency, in contrast with a 0.67-W thermally limited output and 2.7% efficiency with 0.98-μm diode pumping, at 70 K. The results are believed to represent the highest quasi-continuous-wave power from a single device, highest efficiency, and, scaled to the emitting aperture, highest power density for any 3-4-μm semiconductor laser for 1-ms pulse and ⩾70 K     

Tracking ill-conditioning for the RLS-lattice algorithms

The numerical performance of lattice-based adaptive signal processing algorithms is shown to involve the conditioning of a 2×2 matrix whose off-diagonal elements contain reflection coefficients. Degraded algorithmic performance for the a posteriori recursive least squares lattice (RLSL) is shown to be attributed to the ill-conditioning of this matrix, Theoretical results are given which may be used to separate the conditioning of the underlying problem from issues concerning algorithmic stability. Although the results are not restricted to the all-pole case, for simplicity the authors make use of this well understood example since the condition number of the autocorrelation matrix will become arbitrarily close to singularity as the poles of an all-pole filter approach the unit circle. For a second-order prediction problem, four case studies of varying conditioning are provided which demonstrate the appropriateness of the theoretical bounds which analytically describe the sensitivity to perturbations in the residual update recursions. The paper illustrates the use of numerical linear algebra analysis techniques to better understand the numerical performance of algorithms in signal processing as well as emphasising that numerical performance is a function of the problem's conditioning as well as algorithmic stability