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21.
Characterization of the adipose tissue atrophy induced by peroxisome proliferators in mice 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In the present study, we characterized the effects of peroxisome proliferators (PP) on adipose tissue in mice. Treatment with
potent PP, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 2-methyl-2-(p(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-naphthyl)-phenoxy)propionic acid, (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)2-pyrimidinylthio) acetic acid, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,
caused dramatic decreases in adipose tissue weight, whereas the moderately potent PP, acetylsalicylic acid, had a relatively
weak effect. This decrease in weight reflects a loss of fat from adipocytes rather than a loss of cells, as demonstrated by
constant DNA content. The dose-dependency and time-course experiments indicate that peroxisome proliferation occurs simultaneously
with or prior to adipose tissue atrophy. Thus, hepatic peroxisome proliferation might result in the increased mobilization
of lipids and lipid utilization in liver. The enhanced adipose tissue hormonesensitive lipase (HSL) activity and down-regulated
lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity observed upon PP treatment might, at least in part, explain the loss of fat via increase FA release from adipocytes and/or decreased FA uptake from the circulation, respectively. In addition, the possible
involvement of the increased tumor necrosis factor α expression found upon PFOA treatment in reducing the insulin sensitivity
of adipose tissue and thereby altering LPL and HSL activities is discussed. 相似文献
22.
Peter?S.?Piispanen Bj?rn?Hedman Torbj?rn?NorinEmail author 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2002,5(2):165-168
The syntheses of derivatives of dehydroabietic acid suitable for further manipulation into surfactants are presented. The
compounds are produced at very high yields and purity. They contain several different functional groups, e.g., carboxylic
acid, amine, ester, alcohol, and an aromatic group. The functional groups are useful as the linking unit to the hydrophilic
part in synthesizing surfactants. 相似文献
23.
Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of phosphatidylcholine at controlled water activity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ingemar Svensson Patrick Adlercreutz Bo Mattiasson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(10):986-991
The incorporation of a free fatty acid into thesn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine by lipase-catalyzed transesterification was investigated. The thermodynamic water activity
of both the enzyme preparation and the substrate solution was adjusted to the same value prior to the reaction. The reaction
rate increased with increasing water activity but the yield of modified phosphatidylcholine decreased due to hydrolysis. By
using a large excess of the free fatty acid (heptadecanoic acid), the hydrolysis reaction was slowed down, so a higher yield
was obtained at a given degree of incorporation. The best results were obtained withRhizopus arrhizus lipase immobilized by adsorption on a polypropylene support. With this preparation, a yield of 60% and nearly 50% incorporation
of heptadecanoic acid (100% incorporation in thesn-1 position) was obtained at a water activity of 0.064. The enzyme preparation had good operational stability and position
specificity. Little incorporation (<1%) was observed in thesn-2 position, when almost all the fatty acid in thesn-1 position was exchanged. 相似文献
24.
Peter?S.?Piispanen Marcus?Persson Per?Claesson Torbj?rn?NorinEmail author 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2004,7(2):147-159
Several novel and some previously known, mostly sugar-based, surfactants have been synthesized and some of their surface properties
have been characterized and compared with those of commercial nonylphenol ethoxylates. The surfactant solubility in water,
ethanol, and dodecane was studied. The properties of these compounds as emulsification agents in systems composed of the surfactant
with water/isopropyl myristate, water/rapeseed oil, and water/dodecane are presented. The aqueous solubility of the surfactants
follows the general trend expected from their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance according to Griffin (HLBG), but it is also clear
that the nature of the headgroup and the structure of the nonpolar part affect the solubility in a manner not aptured in the
standard HLBG concept. An ester or amine group as the connecting unit between the hydrophile and the hydrophobe produces a
more water-soluble surfactant than the corresponding amide derivative. Some effective emulsifiers were found. For instance,
the surfactants with a dehydroabietic nonpolar group appear to be promosing emulsifiers. Most sugar-based surfactants were
able to form macroemulsions of up to around 2 wt/vol% of oil. The stability of many of these amulsions was very high, extending
for months. 相似文献
25.
Oscar Ljungkrantz Knut Åkesson Martin Fabian Amir Hossein Ebrahimi 《Empirical Software Engineering》2014,19(3):655-677
This paper presents an empirical study of control logic specifications used to document industrial control logic code in manufacturing applications. More than one hundred input/output related property specifications from ten different reusable function blocks were investigated. The main purpose of the study was to provide understanding of how the specifications are expressed by industrial practitioners, in order to develop new tools and methods for specifying control logic software, as well as for evaluating existing ones. In this paper, the studied specifications are used to evaluate linear temporal logic in general and the specification language ST-LTL, tailored for functions blocks, in particular. The study shows that most specifications are expressed as implications, that should always be fulfilled, between input and output conditions. Many of these implications are complex since the input and output conditions may be mixed and involve sequences, timer issues and non-boolean variables. Using ST-LTL it was possible to represent all implications of this study. The few non-implication specifications could be specified in ST-LTL as well after being altered to suit the specification language. The paper demonstrates some advantages of ST-LTL compared to standard linear temporal logic and discusses possible improvements such as support for automatic rewrite of complex specifications. 相似文献
26.
Gemini surfactants were synthesized by reaction of long-chain N-alkyl glucamines with epoxy resins. Analogous to the synthesis of gemini surfactns from long-chain N-alkyl glucamines and α, ω-diepoxides (1), the reaction in methanol at 70°C could be used to convert the starting materials
selectively and almost quantitatively. N-Octyl glucamine, N-decyl glucamine, and N-dodecyl glucamine were combined with several epoxy resins, mainly technical glycidyl ethers of diols. Syntheses involving
equimolar amounts of amine resulted in quantitative conversion of the epoxy resins, and epoxide and products could be isolated
quantitatively by removing the solvent. Gemini surfactants having hydrophobic or hydrophilic spacers were preparared according
to their structures and the hydrophilic properties of the epoxy resin. Surface tensions were measured, and foaming propertiers
were examined to characterize surface-active properties of these surfactants. The more hydrophilic products were of particularly
high surface activity. Tensiometric studies showed a reduction of surface tension to 30–34 mN/m and critical micelle concentrations
in the range of 2–35 mg/L. Comparison of gemini surfactants from long-chain N-alkyl glucamines and diepoxides of α,ω-diolefins (chain lengths: C8, C9, C10, and C14) with those based on epoxy resins showed similar or lower surface activities using hydrophobic epoxy resins and much better
surface-active properties using hydrophilic epoxy resins (e.g., based on glycerol). This, together with the easier availability,
makes the epoxy resin-based products interesting surfactants. Products having very good surface-active properties are available,
especially using glycidyl ether of aliphatic diols or glycerol. 相似文献
27.
Afaf Kamal-Eldin Lars Åke Appelqvist 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(2):149-156
Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum & Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil contents and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The oils from wild seeds
were characterized by higher percentages of unsaponifiables (4.9, 2.6 and 3.7%, respectively) compared toS. indicum (1.4–1.8%), mainly due to their high contents of lignans. Total sterols accounted forca. 40, 22, 20 and 16% of the unsaponifiables of the four species, respectively. The four species were different in the relative
percentages of the three sterol fractions (the desmethyl, monomethyl and dimethyl sterols) and in the percentage composition
of each fraction. Campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and Δ5-avenasterol were the major desmethyl sterols, whereas obtusifoliol, gramisterol, cycloeucalenol and citrostandienol were
the major monomethyl sterols, and α-amyrin, β-amyrin, cycloartenol and 24-methylene cycloartanol were the main dimethyl sterols
in all species. Differences were also observed among the four species in sterol patterns of the free sterols compared to the
sterol esters.Sesamum alatum contained less tocopherols (210–320 mg/kg oil), andS. radiatum andS. angustifolium contained more tocopherols (ca. 750 and 800 mg/kg oil, respectively) than didS. indicum (490–680 mg/kg oil). The four species were comparable in tocopherol composition, with γ-tocopherol representing 96–99% of
the total tocopherols. The four species varied widely in the identity and levels of the different lignans. The percentages
of these lignans in the oils ofS. indicum were sesamin (0.55%) and sesamolin (0.50%).Sesamum alatum showed 1.37% of 2-episesalatin and minor amounts of sesamin and sesamolin (0.01% each).Sesamum radiatum was rich in sesamin (2.40%) and contained minor amounts of sesamolin (0.02%), whereS. angustifolium was rich in sesangolin (3.15%) and also contained considerable amounts of sesamin (0.32%) and sesamolin (0.16%). 相似文献
28.
Paula Relgio Marie-Thrse Charreyre Jos Paulo S. Farinha Jos M.G. Martinho Christian Pichot 《Polymer》2004,45(26):8639-8649
N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) were copolymerized by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique, to obtain random and block copolymer precursors onto which different side-groups may be statistically grafted via the reactive NAS units. These reactive copolymers have interesting applications in various fields such as coatings and paints, water purification and biology. Random poly(DMA-co-NAS) copolymer chains were synthesized with a 75/25 molar ratio, high conversion, an excellent molecular weight (MW) control from 5000 to 130 000 g mol−1, and low polydispersity index (Mw/Mn<1.1). Poly(DMA-b-NAS) block copolymers were synthesized by a two step method, in which a poly(DMA) homopolymer was prepared first and then used as macro-chain transfer agent to polymerize NAS. For example, a poly(DMA-b-NAS) sample was obtained with an average molecular weight of 44 300/7400 g mol−1 corresponding to 447 DMA and 44 NAS units. Such block copolymers had not yet been synthesized by any controlled polymerization technique. They can be used to prepare polymers with exactly the same backbone and an increasing number of different side groups (e.g. hydrophobic, ionic or fluorescent). 相似文献
29.
Specificity of Systemically Released Cotton Volatiles as Attractants for Specialist and Generalist Parasitic Wasps 总被引:11,自引:4,他引:11
Cotton plants under herbivore attack release volatile semiochemicals that attract natural enemies of the herbivores to the damaged plant. The volatiles released in response to herbivory are not only released from the damaged leaves but from the entire cotton plant. We found that cotton plants that released myrcene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)--ocimene, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)--farnesene, and (E, E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene systemically from undamaged leaves of caterpillar damaged plants were attractive to the generalist parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris and the specialist parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. Plants from which the caterpillar damaged leaves were removed and that released those compounds systemically were significantly preferred over undamaged control plants in two-choice experiments in a flight tunnel. Artificially damaged cotton plants that released green leafy volatiles and constitutive terpenoids were less attractive for M. croceipes and C. marginiventris. Only C. marginiventris preferred artificially damaged plants over undamaged control plants, whereas M. croceipes showed no preference. The apparent lack of specificity of systemically released compounds in response to different herbivores feeding on the lower leaves is discussed. 相似文献
30.
Tröger Armin Svensson Glenn P. Galbrecht Hans-Martin Twele Robert Patt Joseph M. Bartram Stefan Zarbin Paulo H. G. Segraves Kari A. Althoff David M. von Reuss Stephan Raguso Robert A. Francke Wittko 《Journal of chemical ecology》2021,47(12):1025-1041
Journal of Chemical Ecology - The obligate pollination mutualism between Yucca and yucca moths is a classical example of coevolution. Oviposition and active pollination by female yucca moths occur... 相似文献