Phase transformations in highly disperse powders during their rapid heating and cooling

Phase transformations in particles of ultrafine powders of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, and quartz during rapid heating and cooling by passage through a laser beam were investigated. A continuous infrared laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm was used as a heat source through which the powders were recycled several times. Methods of concentrating the product phases are described. Particles of diamond, carbides, cubic boron nitride, koesite and stishovite were obtained in the mixed products.     

Image synthesis in the electron microscope

A new method is described for transferring phase contrast in electron microscopy without artefacts due to oscillations of the phase contrast transfer function (PCTF). This is carried out by in situ image synthesis of two or three exposures transferred with complementary PCTF. The essence of the technique is to use optimized transfer attenuation functions to cut off the negative parts of PCTF.     

K-winner networks.

A special class of mutually inhibitory networks is analyzed, and parameters for reliable K-winner performance are presented. The network dynamics are modeled using interactive activation, and results are compared with the sigmoid model. For equal external inputs, network parameters that select the units with the larger initial activations (the network converges to the nearest stable state) are derived. Conversely, for equal initial activations, networks that select the units with larger external inputs (the network converges to the lowest energy stable state) are derived. When initial activations are mixed with external inputs, anomalous behavior results. These discrepancies are analyzed with several examples. Restrictions on initial states are derived which ensure accurate K-winner performance when unequal external inputs are used.     

Comparing VVR-M reactor fuel assembly heat technological capabilities

Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 97–100, August, 1989.