Nutritional status of rural women in relation to their participation in mixed farming in the Tafresh area of Iran

This study was conducted in the Tafresh area of Iran to assess the dietary patterns, time allocation, and nutritional status of rural women in relation to their participation in mixed farming activities. We selected 75 women from 40 villages by applying a stratified random-sampling technique. Cereals and grains were the major source of energy intake. According to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) tables of India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the respondents seemed to have no micronutrient and energy deficiencies during the spring season. They spent most of their time and energy on household, animal husbandry, and crop farming activities. According to measurements of body mass index (BMI), the respondents were well nourished. However, despite the high level of BMI, analysis suggested a negative energy balance. Nevertheless, analysis indicated that rural women with negative energy balance spent more time and energy in mixed farming and had a higher level of participation in related activities. Hence, it is evident from the results that the physical contribution of rural women in mixed farming activities has a detrimental effect on their nutritional status, at least during some parts of the year (e.g., spring or summer). Therefore, there is a need to adjust nutritional interventions to improve the sustainability of their food intake and to develop appropriate technologies in mixed farming to alleviate their work burdens.     

Characterization of laser and laser/thermal annealed semiconducting iron silicide thin films

-FeSi₂ is an important semiconducting silicide which is being studied extensively. In this paper, we report our results of the effect of laser and laser-thermal annealing on the properties of -FeSi₂. 5N purity Fe was deposited on Si substrate and was subsequently irradiated by CW and pulsed laser separately followed by thermal annealing to reduce the laser induced damage. The samples were then characterized by sheet resistance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical reflectance and absorption studies. Lastly, -FeSi₂/n-Si heterojunctions were fabricated and the effect of laser treatment on the junction ideality factor was investigated. All these characterizations indicated the formation of good quality -FeSi₂, particularly after pulsed laser followed by thermal treatment.     

Effect of ash on maximum thickness of plastic layer of coals

A study of the effect of ash yield on the maximum thickness of the plastic layer (MTPL) of some coking coals (as measured by the Sapozhnikov plastometer) has revealed that with an increase in the former the latter in general decre?es. A rectilinear relation approximately exists between the ash percentage (dry basis) and log MTPL values of coals. For the samples studied, a multiple correlation incorporating the rank factor was found to be unnecessary. Higher Fe₂O₃ and SO₃ contents from the coal were found to be associated with higher MTPL values.     

Characterization of information improvement due to N revisions and its generalization by a functional equation

The idea of information improvement was introduced by Thiel [3]. This idea was further extended by the first author to information improvement due to 2 and N revisions and specifically states that different experimenters (a finite number) are required to proceed with given distributions P and U and are permitted to choose a suitable revision. We attempted to provide a measure of information corresponding to Theil's measure which reflected the effect of all revisions. In this paper, the authors have studied a joint characterization of information improvement of N revisions and its generalization by considering a suitable functional equation.     

Label-free biosensing by surface plasmon resonance of nanoparticles on glass: optimization of nanoparticle size

The unique optical properties of noble metal nanoparticles have been used to design a label-free biosensor in a chip format. In this paper, we demonstrate that the size of gold nanoparticles significantly affects the sensitivity of the biosensor. Gold nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 12-48 nm were synthesized in solution and sensor chips were fabricated by chemisorption of these nanoparticles on amine-functionalized glass. Sensors fabricated from 39-nm-diameter gold nanoparticles exhibited maximum sensitivity to the change of the bulk refractive index and the largest "analytical volume", defined as the region around the nanoparticle within which a change in refractive index causes a change in the optical properties of the immobilized nanoparticles. The detection limit for streptavidin-biotin binding of a sensor fabricated from 39-nm-diameter nanoparticles was 20-fold better than a previously reported sensor fabricated from 13-nm-diameter gold nanoparticles. We also discuss several other factors that could improve the performance of the next generation of these immobilized metal nanoparticle sensors.     

A neutron dosemeter for nuclear criticality accidents

A neutron dosemeter which offers instant read-out has been developed for nuclear criticality accidents. The system is based on gels containing emulsions of superheated dichlorodifluoromethane droplets, which vaporise into bubbles upon neutron irradiation. The expansion of these bubbles displaces an equivalent volume of gel into a graduated pipette, providing an immediate measure of the dose. Instant read-out is achieved using an array of transmissive optical sensors which consist of coupled LED emitters and phototransistor receivers. When the gel displaced in the pipette crosses the sensing region of the photomicrosensors, it generates a signal collected on a computer through a dedicated acquisition board. The performance of the device was tested during the 2002 International Accident Dosimetry Intercomparison in Valduc, France. The dosemeter was able to follow the initial dose gradient of a simulated accident, providing accurate values of neutron kerma; however, the emulsion was rapidly depleted of all its drops. A model of the depletion effects was developed and it indicates that an adequate dynamic range of the dose response can be achieved by using emulsions of smaller droplets.     

Comparison of finite element and lumped parameter methods for oceanic cables

The purpose of this work is to examine the basic foundations, similarities and fundamental differences between the finite element methods (FEM) and the lumped parameter methods (LPM) of analysis for oceanic cables under hydrodynamic load conditions. The continuum method (CM) is presented as a ‘ground truth’ prior to presenting each aspect of the approximate method derivations.     

Dynamic stability of periodic solutions of large scale nonlinear systems

A method suitable for the stability analysis of periodic solutions of large nonlinear systems is presented. The stability behaviour is inferred from a Galerkin approximation of the associated Poincaré map. The practical value of the method is shown by applying it to the nonlinear finite element model of a large scale wind energy convertor.     

Electronic neutron personal dosimetry with superheated drop detectors

The prototype of an electronic personal neutron dosemeter based on superheated drop detectors is presented. This battery operated device comprises a neutron sensor, bubble-counting electronics and a temperature controller ensuring an optimal dose equivalent response. The neutron sensor is a 12 ml detector vial containing an emulsion of about 50,000 halocarbon-12 droplets of 100 microns diameter. The temperature controller is a low-power, solid-state device stabilising the emulsion at 31.5 degrees C by means of an etched foil heater. The microprocessor controlled counting electronics relies on a double piezo-electric transducer configuration to record bubble formation acoustically via a comparative pulse-shape analysis of ambient noise and detector signals. The performance of the dosemeter was analysed in terms of the requirements presently developed for neutron personal dosemeters. The detection threshold is about 1 microSv, while the personal dose equivalent response to neutrons in the thermal to 62 MeV range falls within a factor 1.6 of 13 bubbles per microSv.     

Structuring Optimizing Transformations and Proving Them Sound

A compiler optimization is sound if the optimized program that it produces is semantically equivalent to the input program. The proofs of semantic equivalence are usually tedious. To reduce the efforts required, we identify a set of common transformation primitives that can be composed sequentially to obtain specifications of optimizing transformations. We also identify the conditions under which the transformation primitives preserve semantics and prove their sufficiency. Consequently, proving the soundness of an optimization reduces to showing that the soundness conditions of the underlying transformation primitives are satisfied.The program analysis required for optimization is defined over the input program whereas the soundness conditions of a transformation primitive need to be shown on the version of the program on which it is applied. We express both in a temporal logic. We also develop a logic called temporal transformation logic to correlate temporal properties over a program (seen as a Kripke structure) and its transformation.An interesting possibility created by this approach is a novel scheme for validating optimizer implementations. An optimizer can be instrumented to generate a trace of its transformations in terms of the transformation primitives. Conformance of the trace with the optimizer can be checked through simulation. If soundness conditions of the underlying primitives are satisfied by the trace then it preserves semantics.