Large scale diesel driven vapor compression units

A hybrid plant consisting of a diesel driven vapor compression unit and a steam ejector - vapor compression MES unit will have a very low specific primary energy consumption.This paper discusses results of experiments concerning critical parts of such a concept as well as some results of numerical calculations.The experiments were expecially concerned with brine distribution by sieve trays in the MES-unit and with the behaviour of such units under different but steady state load conditions     

The lipids of krill (Euphausia species) and red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes)

The composition of the lipids of two samples of krill and one of “red crab” was determined by thin layer, column and gas chromatographic procedures. A large number of unusual fatty acids were present.     

Preliminary report on the nutritional significance of bound gossypol in cottonseed meal

Summary A procedure is described by which bound or inactivated gossypol can be removed from cottonseed meal without the application of heat which might damage the protein. The removal of bound gossypol increased the nutritional value of the protein as determined by chick feeding tests, rat protein-repletion tests, and lysine availability tests. A procedure is described for the preparation of a gossypol-cottonseed protein complex without heating the materials. As a result of the combination of the protein with gossypol, marked reduction in nutritional value occurred. The nitrogen solubility of the complex was only about half that of the original protein. The results are in accord with the concept that the inactivation of gossypol during the processing of cottonseed meal is accomplished through the formation of an insoluble, inert gossypol-protein complex which results not only in rendering the gossypol harmless but also in the loss of part of the nutritional value of the protein.     

Thermal analysis of montmorillonites modified with quaternary phosphonium and ammonium surfactants

The thermal stability of seven organically modified montmorillonites (‘organoclays’) has been investigated using differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry in conjunction with X-ray diffractometry. Six organoclays were synthesised by replacing the interlayer inorganic cations, initially present, with quaternary phosphonium and ammonium surfactant cations. The samples modified with tetrabutylphosphonium (TBP), and butyltriphenylphosphonium (BTPP) ions have an appreciably higher thermal stability than the octadecyltrimethylammonium (ODTMA)-modified clays. Thus, in the case of TBP- and BTPP-modified montmorillonites, the onset temperature of decomposition is close to 300 °C. Samples modified with hexadecyltributylphosphonium (HDTBP) ions have a lower onset temperature of decomposition of 225 °C. In comparison, the onset temperature for ODTMA-montmorillonites (obtained at different concentrations of ODTMA-bromide) ranges from 158 to 222 °C, being highest where the concentration of intercalated surfactant is lowest. The onset temperature for a commercial alkylsilane-treated quaternary ammonium-modified organoclay (S-BEN N-400FP) is 207 °C. The basal spacing of the TBP- and BTPP-modified clays is 1.7–1.8 nm, indicating a monolayer arrangement of quaternary phosphonium ions in the interlayer space, while the value of 2.5 nm for HDTBP-montmorillonite indicates a more open structure. The ODTMA-modified samples have basal spacings ranging from 1.9 to 2.1 nm, indicative of a bilayer to pseudo-trilayer arrangement. The exceptionally high basal spacing of 3.4 nm for the S-BEN N-400FP organoclay might be due to interlayer penetration of organosilane hydrolysis products during synthesis. The thermal properties of organoclays are apparently related to the nature of the surfactants and their arrangement in the interlayer space of montmorillonite.     

Structural condition of martensite in the surface layer of cold rolling rolls

Conclusions The martensitic base of the surface hardened layer is inhomogeneous in phase composition. Despite complicating concepts post-hardening tempering does not cause homogenization of the martensitic phase. Decomposition of the martensite has a heterogeneous character. In the hardened layer and the transition zone together with the low-carbide constituent there is formed a high-carbon one. The presence of high-carbon -martensite may not inpoint of concepts on homogeneous martensite, the degree of tetragonality of which is close to unity, it is difficult to explain the phenomenon of high hardness of rolling mill rolls. Undoubtedly the high-carbon constituent is one of the factors causing an increase in hardness in tempering of type 9KhMF steel. The two martensites manifest themselves differently in rolling. Concepts of the heterogeneous nature of maratensite may be used for improving the service conditions of rolling rolls.Kramatorsk Industrial Institute. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 2, pp. 10–12, February, 1991.     

Catalytic dehydrogenation of isopropanol on La2−xSrxNiO4±y

The series of compounds La_2–xSr_xNiO_4±y (0.0 x 1.0) crystallising in tetragonal K₂NiF₄ structure were prepared and catalytic activity have been investigated using isopropanol decomposition as model reaction. All the catalyst compositions catalyse only the dehydrogenation of isopropanol reaction. The composition La_1.5Sr_0.5NiO₄ showed high activity compared to other compositions in the series. The composition is unique not only in catalytic property but also in other physical properties like structural characteristics, electrical resistivity and metal to semiconductor transition.     

Nonstationary filtering of transmission tomograms in high photon counting noise

The algorithm presented here for nonstationary constrained least-squares filtering deals with the transmission photon counting noise problem in the presence of limited dosages and highly nonhomogeneous fields. This technique consists of a design for a set of nonstationary filters, tuned to local noise autocorrelation functions in the reconstructed image. Estimates of noise properties can be taken from object detection information. The approach yields improvement in the tradeoff between noise levels and resolution of the image by exchanging artifacts for less colored noise, which is more easily overcome by the viewer.