Behavior of Carbon During the Synthesis of Mixed Nitrides of Uranium and Plutonium

Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering - The behavior of carbon in reactions of the synthesis of mixed nitrides of uranium and plutonium is determined not only by its excess content...     

Kinetics of Np(V) Reduction with Carbohydrazide Catalyzed by Tc(VII) in the Presence of U(VI)

Radiochemistry - The kinetics of Np(V) reduction with carbohydrazide in nitric acid medium in the presence of Tc(VII) and U(VI) ions was studied by spectrophotometry. The reduced form of Np(IV) is...     

Application of the Method of Particle Image Velocimetry for Analyzing Turbulent Flows with a Periodic Component

The foundations of the field method for measuring the flow velocities—the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method—are presented. An approach is described that ensures measurements of conventionally averaged characteristics in flows with pronounced periodicity. Using the high-resolution PIV and conditional averaging methods, detailed measurements of the velocity fields in an axisymmetrical impact jet have been performed for the first time. The flow characteristics are analyzed using a triple decomposition of fluctuating quantities.     

Step-by-Step Immune Activation for Suicide Gene Therapy Reinforcement

Gene-directed enzyme prodrug gene therapy (GDEPT) theoretically represents a useful method to carry out chemotherapy for cancer with minimal side effects through the formation of a chemotherapeutic agent inside cancer cells. However, despite great efforts, promising preliminary results, and a long period of time (over 25 years) since the first mention of this method, GDEPT has not yet reached the clinic. There is a growing consensus that optimal cancer therapies should generate robust tumor-specific immune responses. The advent of checkpoint immunotherapy has yielded new highly promising avenues of study in cancer therapy. For such therapy, it seems reasonable to use combinations of different immunomodulators alongside traditional methods, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as GDEPT. In this review, we focused on non-viral gene immunotherapy systems combining the intratumoral production of toxins diffused by GDEPT and immunomodulatory molecules. Special attention was paid to the applications and mechanisms of action of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM–CSF), a cytokine that is widely used but shows contradictory effects. Another method to enhance the formation of stable immune responses in a tumor, the use of danger signals, is also discussed. The process of dying from GDEPT cancer cells initiates danger signaling by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that exert immature dendritic cells by increasing antigen uptake, maturation, and antigen presentation to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. We hypothesized that the combined action of this danger signal and GM–CSF issued from the same dying cancer cell within a limited space would focus on a limited pool of immature dendritic cells, thus acting synergistically and enhancing their maturation and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte attraction potential. We also discuss the problem of enhancing the cancer specificity of the combined GDEPT–GM–CSF–danger signal system by means of artificial cancer specific promoters or a modified delivery system.     

Effect of pulsed magnetic field on the thermal decomposition of zirconium hydroxide

An applied magnetic field was found to raise the rate and reduce the temperature of the dehydration, dehydroxylation, and crystallization of zirconium hydroxide. The role of water in the crystallization and aggregation of zirconium hydroxide was examined.     

Change in properties of man-made fibres and fabrics made from them under the action of epoxy resins

Conclusions A prolonged action of a toluene solution epoxy resin on polyamide or polyester yarns and fabrics from them causes a change in their geometric characteristics and physico-mechanical properties.This changes are within acceptable limits; therefore textile materials based on the investigated yarns can be used for technological filtration of epoxy resins.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 38–39, May–June, 1987.     

Properties of suspensions and the preparation of articles based on solid solutions of ZrO2-CaO

Conclusions It has been established that the traditional parameters of the preparation of cast slips made from stabilized ZrO₂ are unsuitable for the experimental composition ZrO₂+25% CaO since the time required for washing of the hammered-on iron is sharply increased.The behavior of the hammered briquette of the experimental composition depends on the aggregation of fine particles having a well-developed surface and its dissolution in solutions of HCl, leading to the formation of a liquid solvated shell around a particle and thus preventing the deposition of the suspensions and the removal of iron chloride.Shortening the duration of the milling of the material from 21 to 4 h helps to speed up the deposition of the suspensions as a result of the coarser particle aggregates and the better removal of the iron chloride. In this case the working properties of the articles are not impaired.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 32–35, May, 1986.     

The influence of treatment with weak magnetic field pulses on the brittle-plastic transition temperature in zinc

It is shown that the brittle-plastic transition temperature in zinc is reduced appreciably (in terms of internal friction and microhardness) as a result of magnetic treatment. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 23, 28–31 (February 12, 1997)     

Comparison of Efficiency of the Effect of the Corrona Discharge and Vacuum UV-Radiation in Destruction of Anionic Surfactants

The paper has investigated destruction of anionic surfactants—sodium dodecylsulfate and dodecylsulfonate in a water medium under the impact of the corona discharge and vacuum ultraviolet radiation (185 nm). We established kinetic characteristics of destruction of the processes being studied. Experimentally it was proved that high values of the concentration of total organic carbon being observed at treatment by plasma and vacuum UV-radiation may be stipulated by determined by recombination of carbonate radicals being formed into organic peroxides or oxalate–anions.