A robust preconditioning technique for the extended finite element method

The extended finite element method enhances the approximation properties of the finite element space by using additional enrichment functions. But the resulting stiffness matrices can become ill‐conditioned. In that case iterative solvers need a large number of iterations to obtain an acceptable solution. In this paper a procedure is described to obtain stiffness matrices whose condition number is close to the one of the finite element matrices without any enrichments. A domain decomposition is employed and the algorithm is very well suited for parallel computations. The method was tested in numerical experiments to show its effectiveness. The experiments have been conducted for structures containing cracks and material interfaces. We show that the corresponding enrichments can result in arbitrarily ill‐conditioned matrices. The method proposed here, however, provides well‐conditioned matrices and can be applied to any sort of enrichment. The complexity of this approach and its relation to the domain decomposition is discussed. Computation times have been measured for a structure containing multiple cracks. For this structure the computation times could be decreased by a factor of 2. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microstructure and microtexture evolution in pure metals after ultra-high straining

Ultrafine-grained, and even nanostructured materials can be manufactured by ultra-high straining by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), high-pressure torsion (HPT), by machining, and through combinations, such as machining of ECAP specimens, HPT plus ECAP, and HPT of machining chips. This report describes the results of investigations of the microstructure and microtexture of pure aluminium and copper subjected to different deformation processes to high imposed strains. The microstructures, dislocation densities, and microhardness developed during combinations of different strain paths were investigated and all characteristics were analyzed by X-ray, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and by orientation imaging microscopy. The influence of different processing routes is examined in terms of the accumulated strain and microstructure refinement. A saturation in grain refinement is also considered with reference to the occurrence of recovery during ultra-high strain deformation.     

An energy–momentum consistent method for transient simulations with mixed finite elements developed in the framework of geometrically exact shells

In this paper, a mixed variational formulation for the development of energy–momentum consistent (EMC) time‐stepping schemes is proposed. The approach accommodates mixed finite elements based on a Hu–Washizu‐type variational formulation in terms of displacements, Green–Lagrangian strains, and conjugated stresses. The proposed discretization in time of the mixed variational formulation under consideration yields an EMC scheme in a natural way. The newly developed methodology is applied to a high‐performance mixed shell finite element. The previously observed robustness of the mixed finite element formulation in equilibrium iterations extends to the transient regime because of the EMC discretization in time. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient numerical method for the solution of sliding contact problems

In this paper, an efficient numerical method to solve sliding contact problems is proposed. Explicit formulae for the Gauss–Jacobi numerical integration scheme appropriate for the singular integral equations of the second kind with Cauchy kernels are derived. The resulting quadrature formulae for the integrals are valid at nodal points determined from the zeroes of a Jacobi polynomial. Gaussian quadratures obtained in this manner involve fixed nodal points and are exact for polynomials of degree 2n ? 1, where n is the number of nodes. From this Gauss–Jacobi quadrature, the existing Gauss–Chebyshev quadrature formulas can be easily derived. Another apparent advantage of this method is its ability to capture correctly the singular or regular behaviour of the tractions at the edge of the region of contact. Also, this analysis shows that once if the total normal load and the friction coefficient are given, the external moment M and contact eccentricity e (for incomplete contact) in fully sliding contact are uniquely determined. Finally, numerical solutions are computed for two typical contact cases, including sliding Hertzian contact and a sliding contact between a flat punch with rounded corners pressed against the flat surface of a semi‐infinite elastic solid. These results provide a demonstration of the validity of the proposed method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Helium droplet assisted synthesis of plasmonic Ag@ZnO core@shell nanoparticles

Plasmonic Ag@ZnO core@shell nanoparticles are formed by synthesis inside helium droplets with subsequent deposition and controlled oxidation. The particle size and shape can be controlled from spherical sub-10 nm particles to larger elongated structures. An advantage of the method is the complete absence of solvents, precursors, and other chemical agents. The obtained particle morphology and elemental composition have been analyzed by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results reveal that the produced particles form a closed and homogeneous ZnO layer around a 2–3 nm Ag core with a uniform thickness of (1.33 ± 0.15) nm and (1.63 ± 0.31) nm for spherical and wire-like particles, respectively. The results are supported by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), which indicates a fully oxidized shell layer for the particles studied by STEM. The plasmonic properties of the produced spherical Ag@ZnO core@shell particles are investigated by two-photon photoelectron (2PPE) spectroscopy. Upon excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance in Ag at around 3 eV, plasmonic enhancement leads to the liberation of electrons with high kinetic energy. This is observed for both Ag and Ag@ZnO particles, showing that even if a Ag cluster is covered by the ZnO layer, a plasmonic enhancement can be observed by photoelectron spectroscopy.

     

Model-based analysis of the silica glass film etch mechanism in CF4/O2 inductively coupled plasma

The analysis of the Er-doped silica glass films (62%SiO₂–30%B₂O₃–8%P₂O₅ + 0.2 wt%. Er₂O₃) etch mechanism in the CF₄/O₂ inductively coupled plasma was carried out using the combination of simplified models for plasma chemistry and etch kinetics. As the O₂ mixing ratio in the CF₄/O₂ plasma increases from 0% to 30%, the etch rate decreases monotonically in the range of 385–190 nm/min that contradicts with the behavior of F atom density and flux. From the model-based analysis, it was found that, at low ion bombardment energies, the etch process followed the formal kinetics of ion-assisted chemical reaction and was controlled by both neutral and ion fluxes.