Aktuelle Aktivitäten zu den europäischen Rohstoff-Initiativen

The European Initiatives manifested in the Communications of the European Commission on Raw Materials, in the Strategic Implementation Plan of the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials and in the 2014 Call of the European Institute for Innovation & Technology (EIT) for a Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC) on Raw Materials lead to manifold Austrian activities on Government level and on level of the Montanuniversitaet Leoben. The ESEE Region, thus East- and Southeast Europe has a special role.     

Visualisierung der Partikelbewegung in einem Abweiseradsichter

In spite of its great importance for the dry classification of fine powders, the processes in deflector wheel classifiers are to a large extent unknown. Therefore, in the present work a commercial available classifier was modified to gain an optical access to the deflector wheel. For the first time, the obtained photographs enable an observation of the gas flow and the particle motion between the blades of the deflector wheel. Especially the importance of particle‐particle‐ and particle‐blade‐collisions could be shown.     

What the American Institute of Planners Expects From the National Housing Conference

Planning initiative on the part of individual groups and communities within urban areas has been made necessary by the increasing bureaucratization and technical basis of decisions in current urban society. The efforts of advocate planners to represent these groups are made difficult because of their frequent lack of homogeneity, community feeling, and common interests in action. The treatment of local areas as “communities” of homogeneous interests can result in severe damage to the interest of their weakest inhabitants. Further, it is difficult to draw low-income families into the framework of planning, and to evoke their concern for the planning issues normally posed by the local establishment. Thus it is necessary to carefully generate viable issues in the work and maintain a consciousness of the interrelation of technical and political matters at all levels. The advocate planner's need to evoke and formulate issues maizes him dangerously similar to other manipulators of the poor's interests. One of the most difficult kinds of issues is the type like transportation which, although generated at the community level, must be studied and argued at the metropolitan scale with the consequent loss of a clearly identified client group. Advocacy planning takes many forms depending on its sponsorship. In spite of its problems, it fills a crucial need for managing latent conflict in the cities and for humanizing public action.     

Identification of Components of the Aggregation Pheromone of the Guam Strain of Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle,Oryctes rhinoceros,and Determination of Stereochemistry

The coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) (CRB), is endemic to tropical Asia where it damages both coconut and oil palm. A new invasion by CRB occurred on Guam in 2007 and eradication attempts failed using commonly applied Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) isolates. This and subsequent invasive outbreaks were found to have been caused by a previously unrecognized haplotype, CRB-G, which appeared to be tolerant to OrNV. The male-produced aggregation pheromone of the endemic, susceptible strain of O. rhinoceros (CRB-S) was previously identified as ethyl 4-methyloctanoate. Following reports from growers that commercial lures containing this compound were not attractive to CRB-G, the aim of this work was to identify the pheromone of CRB-G. Initial collections of volatiles from virgin male and female CRB-G adults from the Solomon Islands failed to show any male- or female-specific compounds as candidate pheromone components. Only after five months were significant quantities of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid produced by males but not by females. No other male-specific compounds could be detected, in particular methyl 4-methyloctanoate, 4-methyl-1-octanol, or 4-methyl-1-octyl acetate, compounds identified in volatiles from some other species of Oryctes. Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate elicited a strong electroantennogram response from both male and female CRB-G, but these other compounds, including 4-methyloctanoic acid, did not. The enantiomers of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid were conveniently prepared by enzymatic resolution of the commercially-available acid, and the enantiomers of the acid, but not the ester, could be separated by gas chromatography on an enantioselective cyclodextrin phase. Using this approach, both ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid produced by male CRB-G were shown to be exclusively the (R)-enantiomers whereas previous reports had suggested male O. rhinoceros produced the (S)-enantiomers. However, re-examination of the ester and acid produced by male CRB-S from Papua New Guinea showed that these were also the (R)-enantiomers. In field trapping experiments carried out in the Solomon Islands, both racemic and ethyl (R)-4-methyloctanoate were highly attractive to both male and female CRB-G beetles. The (S)-enantiomer and the corresponding acids were only weakly attractive. The addition of racemic 4-methyloctanoic acid to ethyl 4-methyloctanoate did significantly increase attractiveness, but the addition of (R)- or (S)-4-methyloctanoic acid to the corresponding ethyl esters did not. Possible reasons for the difference in assignment of configuration of the components of the CRB pheromone are discussed along with the practical implications of these results.

     

Ultraschall-induzierte Synthese von Trlmethylsilylessigsäuresilylestern

Ultrasound-induced Synthesis of Trimethylsilylacetic Acid Trimethylsilylester . The reaction of bromoacetic acid trimethylsilylester with zinc in presence of chlorotrimethylsilane is promoted by sono-waves. The trimethylsilylacetic acid trimethylsilylester could be obtained in high yield. Different products are observed in presence of dichloro dimethylsilane. Mechanical aspects are discussed.     

The reduction of sulphur dioxide by carbon monoxide on a La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 catalyst

The semiconducting perovskite oxide, La_0.5Sr_0.5CoO₃, is a catalyst for the reduction of sulphur dioxide by carbon monoxide. Unlike aluminia-supported metal catalysts, La_0.5Sr_0.5CoO₃ tolerates high levels of oxygen in the gas stream if sufficient carbon monoxide is present to react with all the oxygen. Water vapour (2%) does not adversely affect the reaction; unwanted byproducts H₂S and COS are reduced for contact times less than 0.25 s. A computer model is used to predict equilibrium gas compositions for systems containing oxygen and water vapour. During the reaction the catalyst itself reacts with sulphur producing metal sulphides, possibly of simple cubic structure. The perovskite sulphides LaCoS₃ and La_0.5Sr_0.5CoS₃ are theoretically unstable.     

Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide

Reduction of a colloidal suspension of exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in water with hydrazine hydrate results in their aggregation and subsequent formation of a high-surface-area carbon material which consists of thin graphene-based sheets. The reduced material was characterized by elemental analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and by electrical conductivity measurements.     

Coriolis mass flowmeters: Overview of the current state of the art and latest research

This paper is an update of the overview given by Baker RC [Coriolis flowmeters: Industrial practice and published information. Flow Meas Instrum 1994;5(4):229–46]. Overviews about mass flowmetering are also given in Baker RC [Flow measurement handbook. Cambridge University Press; 2000]. Furthermore, Drahm W and Linnartz H [Coriolis-massflowmeters: State of the art review and innovations. In: Proceedings FLUCOME 2003. 2003] reported about latest innovations in Coriolis technology.

The published information of the last decade is reviewed and the conclusions of the different papers are briefly described.     

DSC-cell - A versatile tool to study thermo-oxidation of aviation lubricants

The versatility of a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) cell in studying thermal and/or thermal-oxidative degradation of lubricants is shown using ester-based aviation turbine oils as an example. The following applications are discussed: 1. quality control of fresh and used oils by pressure differential scanning calorimetry; 2. influence of metal catalysis on oil degradation; 3. identification of volatile degradation products by PDSC gas chromatography-mass spectrometry via a TENAX trap; 4. determination of spontaneous ignition temperatures; 5. influence of metall metal oxides, wear debris and oil degradation products on ignition behaviour; 6. inhibition of spontaneous ignition by antioxidants.