Characterization of High-k Gate Dielectric with Amorphous Nanostructure

In the present study, Zr _x La_1?x O _y amorphous nanostructures were prepared by the sol–gel method such that the Zr atomic fraction (x) ranged from 0% to 70%. An analytical model is described for the dielectric constant (k) of Zr _x La_1?x O _y nanostructures in a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) device. The structure and morphology of Zr _x La_1?x O _y film was studied using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Elemental qualitative analysis was performed using energy-dispersive x-ray spectra and a map that confirmed the findings. Preliminary information on the influence of thermal annealing on the morphological control of Zr _x La_1?x O _y amorphous nanostructures is presented. The dielectric constant of the crystalline Zr_0.5La_0.5O _y thin film is about 36. Electrical property characterization was performed using a metal–dielectric–semiconductor structure via capacitance–voltage and current density–voltage measurements.     

A new simple method for analysing of thermal noise in switched-capacitor filters

Thermal noise is one of the most important challenges in analogue integrated circuits design. This problem is more crucial in switched-capacitor (SC) filters due to the aliasing effect of wide-band thermal noise. In this article, a new simple method is proposed for estimating the power spectrum density of output thermal noise in SC filters, which have acceptable accuracy and short running time. In the proposed method, first using HSPICE simulator, accurate value of accumulated sampled noise on sampler capacitors in each clock state is achieved. Next, using difference equations of the SC filter, frequency response of the SC filter is shaped by time domain analysis. Based on the proposed method, a SC low-pass filter and a second-order SC band-pass filter are analysed. The results are validated by comparing to the previously measured data.     

The preparation of an amino acid-based surfactant and its potential application as an EOR agent

Most of the synthetic surfactants investigated with the aim of enhanced chemically oil recovery in the literature have environmental drawbacks. In this work, application of an environmentally-friendly synthetic surfactant as an enhanced oil recovery agent is introduced by measuring interfacial tension of water–kerosene systems and wettability alteration of carbonate pellets. For this purpose, an amino acid-based surfactant was initially synthesized using a new synthetic approach which was subsequently confirmed by spectra of Fourier transform infrared and Proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Results showed a value of critical micelle concentration in the range of 9000–9100 ppm for this surfactant. Results also demonstrated a decrease of 38.53% in water–kerosene system interfacial tension and a 17.76% reduction in oil-wetness of the carbonate pellets.     

Prediction of asphaltene precipitation during gas injection

Maintaining the flow of multiphase fluid from the reservoir to the surface has been an important issue with wide economic importance for the petroleum industry. Asphaltene precipitation due to change in temperature, pressure, and composition of oil can adversely affect the oil flow to the surface by reducing the available diameter of the tubing. In this study, the precipitation of asphaltene from an Iranian crude oil was investigated. To do our study, through information about asphaltene instability in the live oil during both natural depletion and gas injection conditions about oil sample from Iranian oil field was gathered. Then, the solid model and scaling model were utilized to predict the weight percent of precipitated asphaltene at a wide range of the pressure and temperature. Results of the work revealed that both models predict the increase in weight percent of precipitated asphaltene when lean gas injected to the live oil at the maximum point of asphaltene instability. In addition, the study showed that both models are capable of predicting the experimental data of asphaltene precipitation; while scaling modeling is more reliable when the gas is injected to the oil.     

The influence of steam injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) on the quality of crude oil

Currently, due to reduction of oil reservoirs and the increasing need for oil as the main source for world energy, the need for production of heavy oil reservoirs is inevitable. The main purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of some operational and reservoir parameters and their impact on thermal and productive efficiency of thermal process of steam injection and quality of crude oil. In order to model the process, Eclipse-300 simulator was employed. Detection of these parameters, in addition to determining the best production scenario, can lead to the use of this method with better economic conditions. Hence, the results obtained from this study show that the optimal values obtained for operational parameters of stream injection such as steam quality, steam injection pressure, injection rate and well completion injection depth. The simulation results show that the use of optimal values of steam injection parameters can enhance efficiency of steam injection method and can make this method considered as third EOR method in heavy oil reservoirs than previously known in the petroleum industry.     

Gas holdup in two phase gas–liquid and three phase gas–liquid–solid production and transportation

The gas holdup is an important parameter that is needed for design and development of surface facilities and transportation pipelines in the field of petroleum engineering. There is no general model for prediction of this parameter in different systems and under different conditions. As a result, development of accurate and general models for prediction of this parameter in various situations is of great importance. This study presents new experimental gas holdup data in the kerosene+CO₂ and kerosene+N₂ systems. The experimental data were measured by using a bubble column setup. Moreover, a computer-based model namely PSO-ANFIS model is also developed for prediction of the gas holdup in different systems. A total of 818 experimental gas holdup data in various systems were utilized including the newly measured experimental data in the present work as well as experimental data from several published works in the literature. Results showed that the developed PSO-ANFIS model is accurate for prediction of experimental data with an R² value of 0.998 and average absolute relative deviation (AARD%) of 3.4%.     

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert,Egypt

Characterization and correlation of crude oils from some wells in the North Western Desert, based on six crude oil samples, were studied by different analytical techniques, including API gravity, sulfur content, nickel and vanadium, bulk compositions and saturated fraction obtained from gas chromatography have been studied. The results show that the crude oils are normal to medium aromatic oils, with high API gravity and high sulfur content. V, Ni, V/Ni and V/(V + Ni) reflecting oils might be sourced from non-clastic source rocks, possibly carbonates, deposited under anoxic-suboxic conditions. Bulk compositions revealing that the crude oils were derived from marine organic sources. While, the paraffins and naphthenes percent indicates that the oils belong to paraffinic to naphthenic oil types, deposited in slightly anoxic to suboxic conditions and contained marine organic matter. Thermal maturity data showed that the oil samples were generated from mature source rocks. This indicates the studied oil samples are well correlated with each other, where they are similar in their oil type maturation and source depositional environments.     

Azeotrope formation in gasoline–ethanol blends. Part 1 – Impact of nonionic on E10 distillation curve

Blending 10?vol% of ethanol into hydrocarbon base gasoline (HBG) increases significantly the vapour pressure of the blend (E10), and exhibits near-azeotrope behaviour that severely affects the shape of E10 distillation curve. The distillation curves of HBG and E10 fuel blend, were constructed using ASTM D86 distillation data, and the areas under each distillation curve, were calculated through the numerical trapezoid rule (NTR) and calculus definite integration (CDI) methods. Consequently, the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF), was estimated. In this paper, we present the impact of small concentration of nonionic surfactant on the area under distillation curve (AUDC) of E10 fuel blend and the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF). Also, the influences of the added surfactant on the volatility criteria of the investigated E10 fuel blend were discussed.     

A 3.3-V single power supply 16-Mb nonvolatile virtual DRAM using aNAND flash memory technology

A 3.3-V 16-Mb nonvolatile memory having operation virtually identical to DRAM with package pin compatibility has been developed. Read and write operations are fully DRAM compatible except for a longer RAS precharge time after write. Fast random access time of 63 ns with the NAND flash memory cell is achieved by using a hierarchical row decoder scheme and a unique folded bit-line architecture which also allows bit-by-bit program verify and inhibit operation. Fast page mode with a column address access time of 21 ns is achieved by sensing and latching 4 k cells simultaneously. To allow byte alterability, nonvolatile restore operation with self-contained erase is developed. Self-contained erase is word-line based, and increased cell disturb due to the word-line based erase is relaxed by adding a boosted bit-line scheme to a conventional self-boosting technique. The device is fabricated in a 0.5-μm triple-well, p-substrate CMOS process using two-metal and three-poly interconnect layers. A resulting die size is 86.6 mm², and the effective cell size including the overhead of string select transistors is 2.0 μm²     

Determination of gas dispersion in vapor extraction of heavy oil and bitumen

In this work, a mathematical model is developed and simulated to determine gas dispersion along with solubility during the vapor extraction (Vapex) of live oil from a laboratory scale physical model. The physical model is a rectangular block of homogenous porous medium saturated with heavy oil and bitumen. At a given temperature and pressure, the block is initially exposed on its side to a solvent gas, which diffuses into the medium and gets absorbed. The absorption of gas reduces the viscosity of heavy oil and bitumen causing it to drain under gravity. The low-viscosity “live oil” is produced at the bottom of the porous block. The production of live oil with time is accompanied by the shrinkage of oil in the block as well as its increased exposure to gas from top. These phenomena of Vapex are described by the mathematical model, which is used to calculate live oil production with various values of gas solubility and dispersion. Their optimal values are determined for the vapor extraction of Cold Lake bitumen with butane by matching calculated live oil production with its experimental values published earlier.