The main objective of this work is to develop, using a predictive control method, an off-line determination of the operating parameters for a sludge drying stage. At each time step, two operating parameters are identified by simultaneously minimizing three objective functions over a finite horizon. A laboratory dryer is briefly presented and used, in order to evaluate the suitability of the direct model employed to simulate sludge drying. Surface temperature, drying kinetics, and evaporated mass flux obtained from experimental measurements are compared to numerical simulations. Afterward, the optimization procedure is carried out and the results are discussed. 相似文献
The Negishi cross‐coupling is a powerful C C bond forming reaction. The method is less commonly used relative to other cross‐coupling methods in part due to lack of availability of organozinc species. While organozinc species can be prepared, problems with reproducibility and handling of these sensitive species can complicate these reactions. Herein, we describe the continuous formation, using an activated packed‐bed of metallic zinc, and subsequent use of organozinc halides. We demonstrate that a single column of zinc can provide excellent yields of organozinc halides and that they can be used downstream in subsequent Negishi cross‐couplings. The preparation of the zinc column and the scope of the reaction are discussed.
The palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of dihydroisobenzofurans has been performed by sequential Sonogashira cross‐coupling/cyclization reactions between terminal alkynes and 2‐(hydroxymethyl)bromo‐ and chlorobenzenes in methanol as solvent at 130 °C under microwave irradiation. A 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone oxime‐derived chloro‐bridged palladacycle is an efficient pre‐catalyst to perform this tandem process using 2‐dicyclohexylphosphanyl‐2′,4′,6′‐triisopropylbiphenyl (Xphos) as ancillary ligand and potassium hydroxide as base in the absence of a copper cocatalyst. Under these conditions, functionalized 2‐bromo‐ and 2‐chlorobenzaldehydes are also suitable partners in the domino process affording phthalans in good yields. All the reactions can be performed under air and employing reagent‐grade chemicals under low loading conditions (1 mol% Pd).
In many cases, it is difficult to derive a precise mathematical model, based on first principles, for a given process. Besides, the computation of the solution of models obtained through this methodology may require a large computational effort making them useless for real time tasks like control or optimization. Neurofuzzy modelling, which permits an easy way to derive successful models, is a good alternative which can be employed to overcome such limitations.In this paper, together with the neurofuzzy modelling, several strategies based on non-linear predictive control are presented. The low computational cost associated with neurofuzzy models and controllers makes them suitable candidates to be implemented into industrial Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC). Both the model and controllers are validated and implemented in a pilot plant for the thermal sterilization of solid canned food in steam retorts and based on the results, a comparison between the different predictive control strategies is presented. 相似文献
Prestressing steels occasionally fail by a process named “stress corrosion cracking”. This process has not been fully elucidated and several theories exists in order to explain the cases in which real structures have collapsed. This paper briefly mentions the different theories and identifies the progress in understanding whether it is necessary to use a testing method, which is able to separate the different steps and mechanisms contributing to the failures.This paper presents the methodology used for inducing controlled localized attack to study the susceptibility of the high strength steels resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The method is designed to study the growth of cracks initiated from a mechanical notch; the crack is not produced by fatigue.It consists of several stages: coating of the bar with epoxy resin, generation of a small notch, constant load and controlled potential test in the media, mechanical test in air and fractographic study. It allows us to calculate the crack propagation rate and the fracture toughness in the same test.Finally, it has been possible to apply the surface mobility mechanism (SMM) in order to identify the SCC mechanism that operates. 相似文献
A new approach for developing absorbance optochemical sensors is presented in this paper. It is based on a planar microoptic circuit where an optochemically active membrane, which responds selectively to a compound, is deposited in the device, yielding a part of the guiding planar structure. Light is propagated through the membrane, which changes its spectral absorption properties and controls the selectivity of the measurements by means of several immobilised compounds. This way, high sensitivity of the device can be easily obtained due to relatively long light paths through the membrane, and low response times can be achieved as the analyte diffusion occurs perpendicularly to the light path and through a thin membrane. Experimental results on measurements of the concentration of a specific ion in solution using the fabricated sensors are also presented. 相似文献
The affect of nitrate concentration and reactor backwashing on biofilter performance is evaluated using a dynamic mathematical model of the biodegradation process of volatile organic compounds in a trickle bed biofilter packed with uniform synthetic solids. Experimental observations from a bench-scale biofilter system treating ether were used to develop and validate the model. Experience acquired in biofiltration of volatile organic compounds has demonstrated that although these two factors—nitrate and backwashing—are secondary when organic packing material is used, they are essential when the packing media is synthetic. The operation of a synthetic media packed reactor requires the addition of nutrients necessary for biodegradation. Since nitrate was utilized as the nitrogen source in this system, it was included in the model as a limiting substrate (nutrient). A negative affect of excessive accumulation of biomass in the reactor on biofilter performance has also been observed in highly loaded synthetic media biofilters. This problem was solved by removing excessive biomass via full media fluidization and backwashing of the reactor. The affect of periodic backwashing was included in the model as a reduction in the biofilm thickness and a new approach to calculate the reactor specific surface area after backwashing. The unknown model parameters that correspond to nitrate limitations were estimated. The mathematical model was then used for simulation and analyses of the affect of these two factors on the biodegradation process. 相似文献
As utility calculus cannot account for an important part of agents' behaviour in Multi-Agent Systems, researchers have progressively adopted a more normative approach. Unfortunately, social laws have turned out to be too restrictive in real-life domains where autonomous agents' activity cannot be completely specified in advance. It seems that a halfway concept between anarchic and off-line constrained interaction is needed. We think that the concept of right suits this idea. Rights improve coordination and facilitate social action in Multi-Agent domains.Rights allow the agents enough freedom, and at the same time constrain them (prohibiting specific actions). Besides, rights can be understood as the basic concept underneath open normativesystems where the agents reason about the code they must abide by. Typically, in such systems this code is underspecified. On the other hand, the agents might not have complete knowledge about the rules governing their interaction. Conflict situations arise, thus, when the agents have different points of view as to how to apply the code. We have extended Parsons's et al. argumentation protocol (Parsons et al. 1998a, b) to normative systems to deal with this problem. 相似文献