Removal of fatty soil from glass by surfactants and surfactant-builder compositions

Previous papers have reported radiotagged fatty soil removal from glass either by solvents or by aqueous solutions of sodium tripolyphosphate and other builders. This paper provies soil-removal data for aqueous systems of both pure and built surfactant compositions of the nonionic and alkylbenzene sulfonate types. In general, nonionics are the most effective detergents for the system fatty soil/glass; the 10-mole ethylene oxide adduct products show peak soil-removal. Nonionic surfactants appear most effective for soil removal when used in baths closely approaching their cloud-points. Though modification of hydrophobe by EO addition can affect cloud point, peak soil-removal effectiveness seems to be controlled by hydrophobe selection. Highest soil removal for the alkylbenzene series occurred with the longer alkyl chain (pentadecyl). Admixture of surfactant and sodium tripolyphosphate provided synergistic compositions with certain 10-EO surfactants. Building of anionics markedly improved soil removal over the pure material but seldom exceeded the removal by STP alone. Presented at 34th fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, New York, October 17–19, 1960.     

Archival Appraisal and the Digital Record: Applying Past Tradition for Future Practice

The digital revolution has changed the daily work of archivists. As a result, archivists have refined their analog practices and initiated new ones to accommodate the unique information creation and access needs of users. While limitless storage and technological obsolescence may be surmountable challenges, appraisal continues to be a necessary component of this preservation enterprise. Macro-appraisal—a top-down functional assessment of an organization’s high-level decision making that defines the enduring value of specific bodies of documentary evidence of these creative or administrative processes—is used to facilitate the management of diverse bodies of born-digital records in archives and special collections.     

Addressing agent loss in vehicle formations and sensor networks

In this paper, we address the problem of agent loss in vehicle formations and sensor networks via two separate approaches: (1) perform a ‘self‐repair’ operation in the event of agent loss to recover desirable information architecture properties or (2) introduce robustness into the information architecture a priori such that agent loss does not destroy desirable properties. We model the information architecture as a graph G(V, E), where V is a set of vertices representing the agents and E is a set of edges representing information flow amongst the agents. We focus on two properties of the graph called rigidity and global rigidity, which are required for formation shape maintenance and sensor network self‐localization, respectively. For the self‐repair approach, we show that while previous results permit local repair involving only neighbours of the lost agent, the repair cannot always be implemented using only local information. We present new results that can be applied to make the local repair using only local information. We describe implementation and illustrate with algorithms and examples. For the robustness approach, we investigate the structure of graphs with the property that rigidity or global rigidity is preserved after removing any single vertex (we call the property as 2‐vertex‐rigidity or 2‐vertex‐global‐rigidity, respectively). Information architectures with such properties would allow formation shape maintenance or self‐localization to be performed even in the event of agent failure. We review a characterization of a class of 2‐vertex‐rigidity and develop a separate class, making significant strides towards a complete characterization. We also present a characterization of a class of 2‐vertex‐global‐rigidity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anesthesia and analgesia for minor injuries to children

Today's children are rambunctious, playful, and aggressive and are provided through the miracles of modern technology with ample opportunities to injure themselves. As such, they are a source of both joy and terror to their parents. It is a "given" that many of them will injure themselves in the course of growing up. When they come to us in the ED waiting room, they are typically very frightened and usually in pain. We are fortunate that we have techniques and drugs to alleviate this pain and to attenuate their fear. It is our responsibility as anesthesiologists to ensure that these drugs and techniques are used appropriately and cause no further harm. We hope the information contained in this chapter may be of benefit in achieving this goal.     

From research to practice: the effects of the jointly sponsored dissemination of an arthritis self-care nursing intervention

Various educational programs have been developed and found to be effective in the self-management of arthritis. This study reexamined the effectiveness of one such program, "Bone Up On Arthritis" (BUOA), when the program was delivered by a community-based service organization to a sample of persons (N = 154) who differed widely in disease type and demographic characteristics. Arthritis Foundation staff implemented BUOA at four national sites; data were collected and analyzed by University of Michigan nurse researchers. Investigators found improved scores on all outcome measures (self-care behavior, helplessness, pain, dysfunction, and depression). These findings suggest that "Bone Up" is an effective nursing intervention in multiple organizational and community environments and for diverse patient populations.     

Functional knockout of the transient outward current, long-QT syndrome, and cardiac remodeling in mice expressing a dominant-negative Kv4 alpha subunit

Amino acid changes S180A (S-->A at site 180), H197Y, Y277F, T285A, and A308S are known to shift the maximum wavelength of absorption (lambda max) of red and green visual pigments toward blue, essentially in an additive fashion. To test the generality of this "five-sites" rule, we have determined the partial amino acid sequences of red and green pigments from five mammalian orders (Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla, and Rodentia). The result suggests that cat (Felis catus), dog (Canis familiaris), and goat (Capra hircus) pigments all with AHYTA at the five critical sites have lambda max values of approximately 530 nm, whereas rat (Rattus norvegicus) pigment with AYYTS has a lambda max value of approximately 510 nm, which is accurately predicted by the five-sites rule. However, the observed lambda max values of the orthologous pigments of European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), and guinea pig (Cavia procellus) are consistently more than 10 nm higher than the predicted values, suggesting the existence of additional molecular mechanisms for red and green color vision. The inferred amino acid sequences of ancestral organisms suggest that the extant mammalian red and green pigments appear to have evolved from a single ancestral green-red hybrid pigment by directed amino acid substitutions.     

Physiological compensation in antisense transformants: specific induction of an "ersatz" glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase in plants infected with necrotizing viruses

Plant class I glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidases (beta-1,3-glucanase; 1,3-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.39) have been implicated in development and defense against pathogen attack. Nevertheless, beta-1,3-glucanase deficiencies generated by antisense transformation of Nicotiana sylvestris and tobacco have little biological effect. We report here that another beta-1,3-glucanase activity is induced in these deficient mutants after infection with necrotizing viruses. Induction of class I beta-1,3-glucanase was markedly inhibited in leaves of N. sylvestris and tobacco antisense transformants infected with tobacco necrosis virus and tobacco mosaic virus, respectively. A serologically distinct beta-1,3-glucanase activity was present in the infected antisense transformants but was absent in both healthy and infected control plants and in antisense transformants treated with the stress hormone ethylene. Immunoblot analyses, localization studies, and measurements of antibody specificity indicate that this compensatory beta-1,3-glucanase activity is an intracellular enzyme different from known tobacco beta-1,3-glucanases. Therefore, plants can compensate for a deficiency in enzyme activity by producing a functionally equivalent replacement--i.e., "ersatz"--protein or proteins. The fact that compensation for beta-1,3-glucanase activity occurs in response to infection argues strongly for an important role of these enzymes in pathogenesis.     

Ultrastructural evidence for an innervation of epithelial enterochromaffine cells in the guinea pig duodenum

The innervation of the duodenal enterochromaffine cells (E.C.) of the guinea pig was studied at the electronmicroscopic level. Pretreatment with 5-OH-dopamine was performed to visualize catecholaminergic (CA) nervous elements. Near the basement membrane of all examined E.C. in the crypts, bundles of unmyelinated nerve processes were observed, only partly ensheathed in a Schwann cell cover. At least 4 types of processes could be observed. 1) Boutons containing only small clear vesicles, probably cholinergic fibres; 2) boutons with small clear vesicles, and in addition large (greater than 200 nm) granules with a dense matrix (P-type-fibres); 3) boutons with small electron-dense vesicles, probably CA-fibres; and 4) processes with few vesicles but having the appearance of dendrites. No typical synaptic arrangements were observed, but the minimal distance between the E.C. and the nerve bundles was 150 to 250 nm, thus well within the functional limits of the "autonomic gap". Thus epithelial E.C. may be influenced by several types of nervous elements, including CA-fibres.     

Imported measles. A potential control problem

From Dec 23, 1978, through Jan 31, 1979, an outbreak of five laboratory-confirmed cases and four clinical cases of measles occurred in a Vietnamese refugee population living in a single housing complex in Albuquerque, NM. The index cases were in two refugee siblings in whom measles was incubating on arrival in the United States. Despite spread through three subsequent generations of disease transmission within the Vietnamese population, there was no additional spread into the general Albuquerque population. Responsible factors included the age distribution of susceptible persons, the social isolation of the refugee population, and the physical structure of the housing complex. There is a need to identify the problem of imported measles in "ethnic islands" in need of vaccination.     

The transient response of ZrO2 oxygen sensors to step changes in gas composition

The transient voltage response of ZrO₂ oxygen sensors was examined following step changes in gas composition. The experiments were performed on a laboratory flow reactor at 600° C. Composition changes between (a) 100% and (b) 1% O₂ in N₂ produced response curves whose symmetry varied between composition steps (a) from low-to-high oxygen and (b) from high-to-low oxygen. This difference is due to the logarithmic dependence of sensor voltage on oxygen partial pressure. Corresponding oxygen partial pressure-time curves, derived from experimental voltage via the Nernst equation, are symmetric with respect to the direction of composition changes. Abrupt transitions are found in voltage-time curves at 600° C following step changes of reactive gases; e.g. from O₂/N₂ mixtures to CO/N₂, H₂/N₂ or D₂/N₂ mixtures. These voltage-steps represent transitions in stoichiometry of the surface boundary layer on the ZrO₂ sensor. Delay times before the transition also reflect reaction stoichiometry. Response times with O₂/CO, O₂/H₂ and O₂/D₂ follow trends predicted by the kinetic theory of gases. A limited number of experiments were performed to examine the relationships between sensor response and sensor catalytic activity. Poorer oxidation catalytic activity parallels slower response characteristics.