A two-level authentication scheme for clone node detection in smart cities using Internet of things

Clone node attack in IoT sensor devices remains a grave security concern as it paves the way for sinkhole, wormhole, and selective forwarding attacks. In this paper, a two-level authentication scheme named Fingerprint-based Zero-Knowledge Authentication (FZKA) algorithm is proposed to improve the detection rate of clone node among the sensor devices. In the fingerprint generation phase, the base station calculates a distinct fingerprint value for each and every node in the network by gathering neighborhood information, represented in the form of superimposed s-disjunct code matrix. The calculated fingerprint is considered as a secret value and distributed to each cluster nodes for the process of authentication. The FZKA algorithm improves the cloned node detection accuracy with minimal detection time. The simulation results highlight the cloned node detection rate of the proposed scheme by a margin of 92.5% against the existing Exponential Smoothing Algorithm (ETS), Position Verification Method, and Message Verification and Passing algorithms.     

Bifurcation,Chaos and its Control in A Fractional Order Power System Model with Uncertainties

The paper investigates the complex nonlinear behavior of a fractional order four dimension power system (FOFDPS). The discrete mathematical model of the FOFDPS is derived and presented. The equilibrium points along with the Eigen values of commensurate and incommensurate FOFDPS are presented. The existence of chaotic oscillations are supported by a positive Lyapunov exponent. Bifurcation plots are derived for both parameters and fractional orders to show the impact of the same on the dynamic behavior of FOFDPS. Having shown the existence of such complex behaviors in the FOFDPS, we present an adaptive fractional order sliding mode control (FOASMC) to suppress the chaotic oscillations. Numerical results are presented to support the theoretical results.     

Design of two by three element fractal tree antenna array for WLAN and WiFi applications

For more antenna miniaturization, novel fractal tree geometry designed for 5 iterations using rectangular and triangular patches that allow decrease in the resonance frequency without occupying more space. Impedance Matching can be improved without changing the main beam direction or current distribution to five iterations with branching half angle of 60 degrees. The antenna fed by a Coaxial or probe feed to improve the narrow bandwidth of Fractal Antenna. The proposed antenna achieves a bandwidth of 31.5% for 10 dB return loss, covering the frequency range 2.4–3.6 GHz for WLAN and WiFi applications. The antenna gain of the fractal element is about 3 dBi. Array is designed to increase the gain and radiation energy. Arrays are configured at operating frequency of 2.4 GHz by using six elements to enhance the gain up to 11 dBi. The obtained gain and frequency are suitable for WLAN and WiFi applications.     

Surface adsorption and anticorrosive behavior of benzimidazolium inhibitor in acid medium for carbon steel corrosion

Corrosion inhibition property of a newly synthesized 3-(4-chlorobenzoylmethyl) benzimidazolium bromide inhibitor against carbon steel corrosion in 1 N hydrochloric acid solution was studied and analyzed utilizing various electrochemical methods. Electrochemical impedance study inferred that the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and give 93.5% at 250 ppm. Potentiodynamic polarization study emphasized that inhibitor acted as a mixed type inhibitor and the adsorption of inhibitor on the metal surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The noise results were in good correlation with other electrochemical results obtained. The increase of inhibition efficiency with concentrations of inhibitor is attributed to the blocking of the active area by the inhibitor adsorption on the metal surface. The thermodynamic parameter values were calculated and discussed to explain the adsorption mechanism of inhibitor in an acidic medium. The protective surface morphology governed by the inhibited medium was investigated using the scanning electron microscopic technique. The surface roughness of the sample in the absence and presence of inhibitor was obtained using atomic force microscopic study. The effect and reactivity of the inhibitor are further clarified with quantum chemical analysis. Finally, the corrosion protection mechanism is proposed on the ground of experimental and theoretical studies.

Graphical abstract

     

Rotation invariant features for color texture classification and retrieval under varying illumination

This article proposes a new quaternion-based method for rotation invariant color texture classification under illumination variance with respect to direction and spectral band. The color of an object varies according to the spectral power distribution, object-illumination, and viewing geometry of the light source. The quaternion representation of color is shown to be effective, which treats color channels as single unit rather than separate components. New texture signatures are extracted by calculating the norm of the Quaternion fourier spectrum. These signatures are proved to be invariant under image rotation and illumination rotation. Moreover, these features are also invariant to the color spaces. The robustness of different color spaces against varying illumination in color Texture classification with 45 samples of 15 outex texture classes are examined. Comparative results show that the proposed method is efficient in rotation invariant texture classification.     

Feedforward Neural Network Implementation in FPGA Using Layer Multiplexing for Effective Resource Utilization

This paper presents a hardware implementation of multilayer feedforward neural networks (NN) using reconfigurable field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Despite improvements in FPGA densities, the numerous multipliers in an NN limit the size of the network that can be implemented using a single FPGA, thus making NN applications not viable commercially. The proposed implementation is aimed at reducing resource requirement, without much compromise on the speed, so that a larger NN can be realized on a single chip at a lower cost. The sequential processing of the layers in an NN has been exploited in this paper to implement large NNs using a method of layer multiplexing. Instead of realizing a complete network, only the single largest layer is implemented. The same layer behaves as different layers with the help of a control block. The control block ensures proper functioning by assigning the appropriate inputs, weights, biases, and excitation function of the layer that is currently being computed. Multilayer networks have been implemented using Xilinx FPGA "XCV400hq240." The concept used is shown to be very effective in reducing resource requirements at the cost of a moderate overhead on speed. This implementation is proposed to make NN applications viable in terms of cost and speed for online applications. An NN-based flux estimator is implemented in FPGA and the results obtained are presented     

Two-Server 3D ElGamal Diffie-Hellman Password Authenticated and Key Exchange Protocol Using Geometrical Properties

Mobile Networks and Applications - In the contemporary world, Internet based services undoubtedly plays a vital role in supporting business processes. Yet, these services suffer from poor...     

Synthesis and characterization of fluorophore attached silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles stabilized by soluble starch were synthesized and characterized. In vivo studies in rats showed no toxicity and revealed their distribution in various tissues and permeability across BBB. This starch stabilized silver nanoparticles have good biological characteristics to act as a potential promising vector for gene/drug delivery.     

Hetero-GCD2RDF: An Interoperable Solution for Geospatial Climatic Data by Deploying Semantic Web Technologies

Wireless Personal Communications - The monumental success over the years, in wireless communication and mobile communication have overcome the challenges such as fading, multipath, interferences...     

Electrospinning of poly (3-hydroxybutyric acid) and gelatin blended thin films: fabrication, characterization, and application in skin regeneration

A tissue engineering scaffold should mimic the structure and biological function of native extracellular matrix proteins. Electrospinning is a simple and versatile method to produce ultrathin fibers for tissue engineering. Blended submicron fibers of poly (3-hydroxybutyric acid) and gelatin were electrospun using 1,1,1,3,3,3 hexafluoro-2-propanol as solvent. Cross linking of fibers was achieved using glutaraldehyde, and the resultant fibers were tested and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The fibers were found to exhibit good tensile strength. Degradation studies were performed and analyzed using SEM and FTIR and proved the stability of fibers for tissue engineering applications. The fibrous scaffold supported the growth and rapid proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes with normal morphology, thus proving its reliability in using it as a potential scaffold for skin regeneration.