Fault tolerance based load balancing approach for web resources

ABSTRACT

Grid computing is a prominent tool for assembling and incorporating groups of heterogeneous resources scattered around the world, connected through a network. Since load balancing is a challenging issue in a distributed environment, Grid computing provides an architecture, which is well suited, low-cost, and consistent. For task execution on suitable resources, grid computing provides efficient load balancing and fault tolerance approaches. But, due to the dynamic nature of grid resources, sometimes tasks can’t be completed within given constraints (deadline, cost). To solve these issues, this paper proposes a fault tolerance–based load balancing approach by considering the dynamic nature of resources. First, significant contributions in the field of load balancing are analyzed based on several parameters. Second, a fault tolerance dynamic load balancing model is proposed for task execution based on resource load and fault index value. For fault tolerance, checkpoints are set at various determined intervals to resume tasks at the next possible instance that avoids unnecessary placement of checkpoints. Third, the proposed model is validated and provides improved performance in terms of response time, makespan, and throughput. The model provides up to 12% and 9% performance improvement depending on method of measurement in comparison to other state-of-the-art methods.     

The origin of hematite nanowire growth during the thermal oxidation of iron

The oxidation of Fe in pure oxygen between 400 °C and 600 °C has been investigated in order to obtain insight into the mechanism of the spontaneous formation of α-Fe₂O₃ nanowires. By varying the oxidation temperature, Fe can be oxidized to form Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄/FeO/Fe or Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄/Fe layered structure, followed by hematite nanowire growth on the outer layer of hematite (Fe₂O₃). It is observed that Fe₂O₃ nanowires have a bicrystal structure and form directly on the top of the underlying Fe₂O₃ grains. It is shown that the compressive stresses generated by the volume change accompanying the Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄ interface reaction stimulate Fe₂O₃ nanowire formation and that the Fe₂O₃ nanowire growth is via surface diffusion of Fe cations supplied from the outward grain boundary diffusion through the Fe₂O₃ layer. This principle of nanowire formation may have broader applicability in layered systems, where the stress gradient in thin layers can be introduced via solid-state interfacial reaction or other means.     

A pre‐emption framework for UMTS compatible satellite system supporting multimedia traffic

The pre‐emption procedure is an important part of the radio resource management when dealing with the emergency traffic. It allows resources to be allocated to higher priority connections by pre‐empting lower priority connections. The provision of the pre‐emption mechanism becomes much more important in the case of satellite systems such as the Inmarsat Broadband Global Area Network system, which aids in providing the communication during a catastrophe. This paper focuses on the pre‐emption framework for a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System‐based satellite systems. Three algorithms have been proposed, Greedy, SubSetSum and Fuzzy pre‐emption algorithm. Extensive simulations are carried out for the three algorithms, and their performances are compared against each other. Simulation results show that the Fuzzy pre‐emption algorithm performs better than the other two algorithms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An analysis of interface trap charges to improve the reliability of a charge-plasma-based nanotube tunnel FET

Journal of Computational Electronics - A new heterodielectric shifted-core-gate nanotube tunneling field-effect transistor (HD-SCG-NT-TFET) is proposed with a higher ON-state current and a better...     

Influence of the Manufacturing Process on Corrosion Behavior of Soda-Lime-Silicate Glassware

The reaction of soda-lime-silicate glassware with model cleaning solutions gives rise to a systematic pattern of inhomogeneous corrosion. This corrosion is not uniform on the entire surface, but is localized only to certain regions of the glassware. The surface composition, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the microstructure, as characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, vary considerably in different regions of the glassware. The visibly heterogeneous corrosion pattern, which correlates with the compositional and structural inhomogeneities, is explained in terms of surface conditions that exist during different stages of glass manufacturing. The role of sodium disilicate in solution is also explored for promoting inhomogeneous glass corrosion.     

A green extraction process of nanocarbon dots from prawn shells,and its reinforcement in epoxy polymers

Exoskeletons of prawn, shrimp, and crab discarded as waste are rich sources of inorganic and organic materials. Currently, these discards are mainly utilized for the extraction of chitin and less attention is paid to the recovery of other organic constituents present in the exoskeletons. The present study aimed to synthesize nano carbon dot (CD) and chitin from prawn shell, and utilization of CD as an additive to epoxy polymers to obtain a corrosion resistant polymer coating. Nano CDs were synthesized through a hydrothermal carbonization process and the characteristics were evaluated using spectrophotometric, fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. The CD reinforced bisphenol epoxy polymer composite coated over boat building steel exhibited the least defect, which in turn imparted the highest polarization resistance with the lowest capacitance. Chemical and morphological data of epoxy polymer composite highlighted the interaction of NH₂ present in CD with polymer matrix. The functional group NH₂ from CD synergistically acted along with hardener to form a pore free epoxy coating. Hydrothermal process of prawn shell enabled to extract chitin as evidenced by their spectral signature peaks. This study gave two economically important products through a green synthesis protocol.     

High Security Identity Tags Using Spiral Resonators

A highly compact chipless tag based on Frequency coding technique using Spiral Resonators is proposed in this paper. Spirals are well known metamaterial structures and thus capable of sharp resonance, and hence Spiral Resonators can serve as a good candidate for RF Identity Tags. The bit capacity of the proposed tag is 10 bits per sqcm. The prototype of the tag is fabricated on a low-cost substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02. The overall dimension of tag is 15.4 x 3 x 1.6 mm³. Two methods for reading the tags are also discussed in this paper. Scope for bit enhancement is also provided.