In this paper, discount in transportation cost on the basis of transportated amount is extended to a solid transportation problem. In a transportation model, the available discount is normally offered on items/criteria, etc., in the form AUD (all unit discount) or IQD (incremental quantity discount) or combination of these two. Here transportation model is considered with fixed charges and vechicle costs where AUD, IQD or combination of AUD and IQD on the price depending upon the amount is offered and varies on the choice of origin, destination and conveyance. To solve the problem, genetic algorithm (GA) based on Roulette wheel selection, arithmetic crossover and uniform mutation has been suitably developed and applied. To illustrate the models, numerical examples have been presented. Here, different types of constraints are introduced and the corresponding results are obtained. To have better customer service, the entropy function is considered and it is displayed by a numerical example. To exhibit the efficiency of GA, another method—weighted average method for multi-objective is presented, executed on a multi-objective problem and the results of these two methods are compared. 相似文献
A temperature sensor based on photonic crystal structures with two- and three-dimensional geometries is proposed, and its measurement performance is estimated using a machine learning technique. The temperature characteristics of the photonic crystal structures are studied by mathematical modeling. The physics of the structure is investigated based on the effective electrical permittivity of the substrate (silicon) and column (air) materials for a signal at 1200 nm, whereas the mathematical principle of its operation is studied using the plane-wave expansion method. Moreover, the intrinsic characteristics are investigated based on the absorption and reflection losses as frequently considered for such photonic structures. The output signal (transmitted energy) passing through the structures determines the magnitude of the corresponding temperature variation. Furthermore, the numerical interpretation indicates that the output signal varies nonlinearly with temperature for both the two- and three-dimensional photonic structures. The relation between the transmitted energy and the temperature is found through polynomial-regression-based machine learning techniques. Moreover, rigorous mathematical computations indicate that a second-order polynomial regression could be an appropriate candidate to establish this relation. Polynomial regression is implemented using the Numpy and Scikit-learn library on the Google Colab platform.
we demonstrate the design of a triple gate n-channel junctionless transistor that we call a junctionless tunnel field effect transistor (JLTFET). The JLTFET is a heavily doped junctionless transistor which uses the concept of tunneling, by narrowing the barrier between source and channel of the device, to turn the device ON and OFF. Simulation shows significant improvement compared to simple junctionless field effect transistor both in ION/IOFF ratio and subthreshold slope. Here, junctionless tunnel field effect transistors with high-k dielectric and low-k spacers are demonstrated through simulation and shows an ON-current of 0.25 mA/μm for the gate voltage of 2 V and an OFF current of 3 pA/μm (neglecting gate leakage). In addition, our device shows optimized performance with high ION/IOFF (~109). Moreover, a subthreshold slope of 47 mV/decade is obtained for a 50 nm gate length of simulated JLTFET at room temperature which indicates that JLTFET is a promising candidate for switching performance. 相似文献
This paper proposes a junctionless tunnel field effect transistor (JLTFET) with dual material gate (DMG) structure and the performance was studied on the basis of energy band profile modulation. The two-dimensional simulation was carried out to show the effect of conduction band minima on the abruptness of transition between the ON and OFF states, which results in low subthreshold slope (SS). Appropriate selection of work function for source and drain side gate metal of a double metal gate JLTFET can also significantly reduce the subthreshold slope (SS), OFF state leakage and hence gives improved ION/IOFF. 相似文献
A neural-network-based implementation of space-vector modulation (SVM) of a three-level voltage-fed inverter is proposed in this paper that fully covers the linear undermodulation region. A neural network has the advantage of very fast implementation of an SVM algorithm, particularly when a dedicated application-specific IC chip is used instead of a digital signal processor (DSP). A three-level inverter has a large number of switching states compared to a two-level inverter and, therefore, the SVM algorithm to be implemented in a neural network is considerably more complex. In the proposed scheme, a three-layer feedforward neural network receives the command voltage and angle information at the input and generates symmetrical pulsewidth modulation waves for the three phases with the help of a single timer and simple logic circuits. The artificial-neural-network (ANN)-based modulator distributes switching states such that neutral-point voltage is balanced in an open-loop manner. The frequency and voltage can be varied from zero to full value in the whole undermodulation range. A simulated DSP-based modulator generates the data which are used to train the network by a backpropagation algorithm in the MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox. The performance of an open-loop volts/Hz speed-controlled induction motor drive has been evaluated with the ANN-based modulator and compared with that of a conventional DSP-based modulator, and shows excellent performance. The modulator can be easily applied to a vector-controlled drive, and its performance can be extended to the overmodulation region 相似文献
Multiple-bonded iron-oxo and -nitrido species have been identified or proposed as key intermediates in a range of important chemical transformations. The reported model complexes feature various coordination geometries and distinct electronic structures, and therefore exhibit diverse reactivity. The present contribution highlights the synergy from both experimental and theoretical standpoints to elucidate their different bonding situations and delineate their common mechanistic features in hydrogen-atom abstraction processes. Our analysis reveals that a radical centered on the abstracting atom E (E=O, N), which is generated via homolysis of covalent Fe−E bonds upon approaching the transition state, is an intrinsic C−H cleaving agent. The iron-oxo species is predicted to be more reactive than its nitride congener, in general, because the O−H bond formed in the H-atom transfer process is often stronger than the corresponding N−H bond. 相似文献
Yttria (8 wt%)-stabilized hafnia (YSH) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (1 wt%) reinforced yttria-stabilized hafnia (YSHC) coatings were fabricated on alumina substrate using atmospheric plasma spray technique. Raman spectra confirmed the survival of CNTs in plasma sprayed YSHC coating and indicated about graphitization of CNTs. Whereas, the FE-SEM micrograph infers the presence of few 2-D graphene platelet-like structure in plasma sprayed YSHC coating. Addition of 1 wt% CNTs has significantly increased the densification of YSH coating from 86% to 92%, whereas average hardness and elastic modulus increased by ~57% and ~16%, respectively. A phenomenal increase of ~125% in relative fracture toughness was observed in YSHC coating, which is attributed to three major factors viz. (a) Enhanced densification (b) High fraction of fully melted regions and (c) Various toughening mechanisms, like CNTs pull out, CNTs braiding, graphene splat wrapping, CNTs anchoring. 相似文献
The encapsulation of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NAN), 9-dicyanomethylenefluorene (9-DCF), acenaphthenequinone (ANQ), and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) by diethylpyrrole-bridged bisporphyrin (H4DEP) and its dizinc(II) analogue (Zn2DEP) are employed to investigate the structural and spectroscopic changes within the bisporphyrin cavity upon substrate binding. Synthesis and X-ray structures of all four encapsulated host-guest complexes (H4DEP⋅NAN, H4DEP⋅9-DCF, Zn2DEP⋅ANQ, and Zn2DEP⋅NBD-Cl) are reported here. The binding constant calculations show strong 1 : 1 binding between the hosts (H4DEP and Zn2DEP) and the guests (NAN/9-DCF/ANQ/NBD-Cl). 1H-NMR spectra also support the retention of the host-guest assemblies in solution. Negative and positive shifts of the reduction and oxidation potentials, respectively, indicate that it is difficult to reduce/oxidize the encapsulated complexes. The emission intensities of the bisporphyrins (H4DEP and Zn2DEP) are substantially quenched in all the complexes, owing to photoinduced electron transfer from the excited state of the bisporphyrins to guest molecules. All the experimental evidence is further substantiated by DFT calculations. Such an efficient electron transfer is only possible when the donor and the acceptor moieties are in close propinquity to each other, which eventually lowers the reorganization energy. 相似文献