Photopyroelectric observation of melting in valeric (C5 : 0), linoleic (C18 : 2), linolenic (C18 : 3) and tricosanoic (C23 : 0) free fatty acids

Photopyroelectric (PPE) study of some saturated (C5 : 0, and C23 : 0) and unsaturated (C18 : 2 and C18 : 3) free fatty acids was performed in a temperature range that included their melting points. The standard PPE configuration was used consistently during the experiment; the special PPE case requests thermally thick sample and sensor and optically opaque sample. For those fatty acids for which literature data on volume-specific heat were available (C18 : 2, C18 : 3), the behaviour around the melting point of all static and dynamic thermal parameters (specific heat, thermal conductivity, diffusivity and effusivity) was obtained. Since no data for volume-specific heat of C5 : 0 and C23 : 0 were found in the literature, only the temperature behaviour of the thermal diffusivity was obtained for these specimens. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Variational eigenerosion for rate-dependent plasticity in concrete modeling at small strain

In the context of eigenfracture scheme, the work at hand introduces a variational eigenerosion approach for inelastic materials. The theory seizes situations where the material accumulates large amounts of plastic deformations. For these cases, the surface energy entering the energy balance equation is rescaled to favor fracture, thus energy minimization delivers automatically the crack-tracking solution also for inelastic cases. The minimization approach is sound and preserves the mathematical properties necessary for the Γ-limit proof, thus the existence of (local) minimizers is guaranteed by the Γ-convergence theory. Although it is not possible to demonstrate that the obtained minimizers are global, satisfactory results are obtained with the local minimizers provided by the method. Furthermore, with the goal of addressing the constitutive behavior of concrete, a Drucker-Prager viscoplastic consistency model is introduced in the microplane setting. The model delivers a rate-dependent three-surface smooth yield function that requires hardening and hardening-rate parameters. The independent evolution of viscoplasticity in different microplanes induces anisotropy in the mechanical response. The sound performance of the model is illustrated via numerical examples for both rate-independent and rate-dependent plasticity.     

Municipal web sites accessibility and usability for blind users: preliminary results from a pilot study

Despite the existing regulations and standards at national and international level, web content is still difficult to use, if not completely unusable, for visually impaired people. This paper presents the evaluation results for three municipal web sites. A combined method, based on conformance review and expert review, was employed. Overall, the results reveal a low conformance to WCAG2 and many accessibility and usability problems. The content is not properly structured, and this reduces usability even for sighted user. The analysis of the evaluation data suggests that many accessibility barriers could be avoided by adopting a user-centered approach during web design.     

Development of New Cordierite‐Based Refractory Coatings for Casting Applications

In this study, new refractory coatings based on synthesized cordierite for the casting applications were developed. The investigation included starting raw materials characterization, synthesis of the cordierite, design of the refractory coating as final product, and its application testing. The obtained results pointed out that coating suspension sediment stability was crucial quality parameter. Design and optimization of the coatings composition, with controlled rheological properties included, were achieved by application of different coating components, namely different suspension agents and by alteration of the coating production procedure. Cordierite, used as filler, was obtained by means of synthesis in the solid‐state reaction on the basis of talc, kaolin, and alumina. The investigation showed that the application of these particular types of water/alcohol‐based coatings has positive influence on surface quality and structural and mechanical properties of the castings of aluminum alloys obtained by casting into sand molds by means of evaporable models method, that is, evaporate pattern casting process.     

Novel polyurea polymers with enhanced mechanical properties

The present work describes the preparation of a set of new polyurea polymers suitable for ballistic protection applications by employing different aromatic diamines derivatives with different flexibility degrees. This modification would allow the synthesis of polymers with both enhanced and controllable mechanical properties through the combination of aliphatic and aromatic molecules. Besides the classical methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and polypropylene glycol bis(2‐aminopropyl ether) (PPG), benzidine, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane and 3,6‐diamino carbazole were chosen as the third monomer and used in different ratios toward PPG, in order to optimize the polymer properties. The proportions between the polyurea components were selected as such to achieve the total consumption of the monomers. The different types of polyurea obtained have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal measurements (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis), tensile tests, and scanning electron microscope. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43967.     

Hepatoprotective Effects of Berberis vulgaris L. Extract/β Cyclodextrin on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Toxicity in Mice

The present study investigated the capacity of formulated Berberis vulgaris extract/β-cyclodextrin to protect liver against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Formulated and non-formulated extracts were given orally (50 mg/kg/day) to mice for 7 days and were then intra-peritoneally injected with 1.0 mL/kg CCl(4) on the 8th day. After 24 h of CCl(4) administration, an increase in the levels of apartate-amino-transferase (AST), alanine-amino-transferase (ALT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was found and a significant decrease in superoxide-dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) levels could be detected. This was accompanied by extended centrilobular necrosis, steatosis, fibrosis and an altered ultrastructure of hepatocytes. Pre-treatment with formulated or non-formulated extract suppressed the increase in ALT, AST and MDA levels and restored the level of antioxidant enzymes at normal values. Histopathological and electron-microscopic examination showed milder liver damage in both pre-treated groups and the protective effect was more pronounced after the formulated extract was administered. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation induced by CCl(4) was reduced in the group which received non-formulated extract and absent in the group which received formulated extract. Taken together, our results suggest that Berberis vulgaris/β-cyclodextrin treatment prevents hepatic injury induced by CCl(4) and can be considered for further nutraceutical studies.     

Zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung des Holzes durch Schwingungsversuche

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Thermoresponsive transition of a PEO-b-PNIPAM copolymer: From hierarchical aggregates to well defined ellipsoidal vesicles

We analyze in detail the morphology transition of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PEO-b-PNIPAM) diblock copolymer in water with small angle neutron scattering. A three-level hierarchical structure is found below the critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM. The small-scale structure corresponds to the unperturbed PEO-b-PNIPAM chains. These coils assemble into intermediate-size aggregates which have a constant number density in solution, independently of the solution concentration, under the assumptions of a simple model based on the concentration dependence of the fitting parameters. Large clusters are also observed, which comprise the large-size structure. Above the LCST the system transforms into a well-defined geometry of monodisperse elliptical vesicles which does not depend on the solution concentration. The vesicles become less asymmetric with a higher aggregation number at the highest temperature.