In vitro starch hydrolysis and estimated glycaemic index of bread substituted with different percentage of chempedak (Artocarpus integer) seed flour

Chempedak (Artocarpus integer) seed flour (CSF) was substituted for wheat flour at different levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% w/w) in bread. Assessment on the in vitro starch hydrolysis was carried out to evaluate the hydrolysis index (HI) and estimated glycaemic index (EGI) of bread substituted with different levels of CSF. Kinetics of in vitro starch hydrolysis in all bread samples (with the exception for white bread) indicated a gradual increase with respect to time intervals. Bread of 30% CSF exhibited significantly lower (p < 0.05) in vitro starch hydrolysis, as compared with the other samples. Results showed that HI value decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as the levels of CSF substitution increased. Resistant starch (RS) content in bread samples was inversely related with HI value as CSF substitution levels increased, thus lowering the EGI value.     

60Co-γ辐射对马铃薯淀粉特性的影响

采用60Co-γ射线对马铃薯淀粉进行辐照处理,辐照剂量分别为4、8、10、12、16kGy和20kGy,测定淀粉的颗粒特性及淀粉糊的透明度、热稳定性及冷稳定性。结果表明：辐照后的马铃薯淀粉颗粒形貌未发生明显变化、平均粒径变小;淀粉糊的透明度升高,峰值黏度减小,热稳定性及冷稳定性均显著提高。辐照剂量高于10kGy时,淀粉糊的峰值黏度与冷、热稳定性变化趋于平缓。     

Overall Performance Evaluation and Functional Analysis of Egyptian Starch Manufacturing Plants

The present paper outlines the approach and principal results of a full-fledged performance evaluation and functional analysis program conducted at the Egyptian Starch and Glucose Company that has been wholly documented elsewhere [12]. The ultimate goal of the program is to come up with well-defined and appropriate courses of action to improve products quality, plant productivity and overall economy. The paper also reports the results of additional computer work that has been undertaken to enhance the applicability of the results. The adopted methodology for applying the developed computer material balance (MASSBAL) in the evaluation program and in analysing the impacts of stepwise improvements in the individual plant sectors of concern is also presented.     

Polyethersulfone (PES)–silver composite UF membrane: Effect of silver loading and PVP molecular weight on membrane morphology and antibacterial activity

Polyethersulfone–silver composite membranes were fabricated via a simple phase inversion method by using silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as an antibacterial agent and polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) of molecular weight 10,000, 40,000 and 360,000 Da as dispersant in the dope formulation. The effect of AgNO₃ loading on the resulting membrane was studied using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The silver loss during fabrication and pure water filtration was measured using inductive-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). From XPS and EDX examinations, it was observed that the resulting membrane prepared from 2 wt.% AgNO₃ and PVP of 360,000 Da exhibited high concentration of Ag mainly due to the high Ag-particle entrapment in the membrane structure. The uniform distribution of Ag particles has contributed significantly to 100% inhibition against Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth within 24 h incubation. In addition, the results of pure water filtration test showed minimum silver loss during operation, indicating better stability of membrane produced in terms of Ag-entrapment in membrane structure. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that PES–silver composite membrane with PVP of 360,000 MW offers huge potential membrane for bacteria removal and disinfection.     

Modification of Corn Starch and Fine Flour by Acid and Gamma Irradiation. Part 1. Chemical Investigation of the Modified Products

Fine flour from corn and the isolated starch were dextrinized in the presence of acid and irradiated with y-rays. Starch irradiated with high doses of y-rays was highly modified while fine flour was less affected. The irradiated starch was reduced with sodium borohydride and then hydrolysed. Erythritol and other compounds were identified in the hydrolysate. It was concluded that the C2-C3 bonds in the intermediate glucose units are probably broken by irradiation. Such hypothesis was confirmed by periodate oxidation, hydrolysis with α-amylase and ferricyanide number determination of the irradiated starch.     

Correlation of growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus with some essential metals in gamma irradiated crushed corn

The effects of gamma irradiation and some essential metals on growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus in crushed corn were investigated. The production of aflatoxin by A. flavus was influenced by the addition of zinc, copper or iron and the effect gradually decreased with increasing metal concentration from 0 to 300 ppm. A. flavus grew and depleted zinc, copper and iron at initial concentration of 100, 200 or 300 ppm. Presence of 100 ppm zinc, copper or iron plus gamma irradiation (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 kGy) enhanced the growth of A. flavus and the production of aflatoxin in contrast with irradiated samples alone. A. flavus was able to metabolize and deplete elements in all gamma-irradiated samples. These results suggest that stricter control of element levels in gamma irradiated grains could control aflatoxin contamination.     

Learning differential diagnosis of erythemato-squamous diseases using voting feature intervals

A new classification algorithm, called VFI5 (for Voting Feature Intervals), is developed and applied to problem of differential diagnosis of erythemato-squamous diseases. The domain contains records of patients with known diagnosis. Given a training set of such records, the VFI5 classifier learns how to differentiate a new case in the domain. VFI5 represents a concept in the form of feature intervals on each feature dimension separately. classification in the VFI5 algorithm is based on a real-valued voting. Each feature equally participates in the voting process and the class that receives the maximum amount of votes is declared to be the predicted class. The performance of the VFI5 classifier is evaluated empirically in terms of classification accuracy and running time.     

Correlation of functional magnetic source imaging with intraoperative cortical stimulation in neurosurgical patients

This study compared noninvasive preoperative functional imaging by using magnetoencephalography (MEG) with intraoperative direct cortical stimulation in ten patients undergoing neurosurgery. The goal was to assess the accuracy and reliability of MEG-based functional imaging in these patients as a possible replacement or adjunct for direct cortical stimulation with electrocorticography. Objective comparison of intraoperative mapping with preoperative MEG procedures was achieved by intraoperative recording of mapped cortical locations for motor responses using an interactive image-guided surgical device, the ISG viewing wand, with which mapping points could be marked on a previously acquired (MRI) set. In all ten patients, at least one stimulation site elicited a response during both MEG and intraoperative mapping. The central sulcus ipsilateral to the lesion was only directly visible on high-resolution MRIs in 3/10 cases and equivocally in 2/10. Coregistered with MRI to form magnetic source images (MSIs), MEG predictions of the postcentral gyrus were possible in all 10 cases. In all 10 cases, these were in agreement with intraoperative estimation of the precentral gyrus. Functional mapping of somatosensory cortex was achieved noninvasively in surgical patients by using MSI. The accuracy, compared with cortical stimulation, was always sufficient to define motor and somatosensory strips.