Dimer interface of glutathione S-transferase from Arabidopsis thaliana: influence of the G-site architecture on the dimer interface and implications for classification

The three-dimensional structure of glutathione S-transferase from Arabidopsis thaliana has been solved at 2.2 A resolution (Reinemer et al., 1996). The enzyme forms a dimer of two identical subunits. The structure shows a new G-site architecture and a novel and unique dimer interface. Each monomer of the protein forms a separate G-site. Therefore, the requirements on the dimer interface are reduced. As a consequence, the interactions between the monomers are weaker and residues at the dimer interface are more variable. Thus, the dimer interface looses its relevance for a classification of plant glutathione S-transferases and the formation of heterodimers becomes even more difficult to predict.     

Preferential exclusion of sucrose from recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: role in restricted conformational mobility and compaction of native state

Understanding the mechanism for sucrose-induced protein stabilization is important in many diverse fields, ranging from biochemistry and environmental physiology to pharmaceutical science. Timasheff and Lee [Lee, J. C. & Timasheff, S. N. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 7193-7201] have established that thermodynamic stabilization of proteins by sucrose is due to preferential exclusion of the sugar from the protein's surface, which increases protein chemical potential. The current study measures the preferential exclusion of 1 M sucrose from a protein drug, recombinant interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra). It is proposed that the degree of preferential exclusion and increase in chemical potential are directly proportional to the protein surface area and that, hence, the system will favor the protein state with the smallest surface area. This mechanism explains the observed sucrose-induced restriction of rhIL-1ra conformational fluctuations, which were studied by hydrogen-deuterium exchange and cysteine reactivity measurements. Furthermore, infrared spectroscopy of rhlL-1ra suggested that a more ordered native conformation is induced by sucrose. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that in the presence of sucrose, spin-labeled cysteine 116 becomes more buried in the protein's interior and that the hydrodynamic diameter of the protein is reduced. The preferential exclusion of sucrose from the protein and the resulting shift in the equilibrium between protein states toward the most compact conformation account for sucrose-induced effects on rhIL-1ra.     

Identification of novel exons 3'' to the human SNRPN gene

This paper examines the relationship between self-efficacy and social power (expert and referent) and how the application of this relationship, leads to client adherence and compliance. Referent power is defined, including methods that health care professionals may use to develop and apply referent power. Expert power is defined and addressed in the context of referent power, self-esteem and self-efficacy as a means of promoting adherence. Self-efficacy as a concept is defined and explored in the context of social power. The relationships between self-efficacy and social power (expert and referent) are shown as important determinants of adherence and compliance. The theory of the application of referent and expert power in relationship with self-efficacy has been compared with an effective programme, yielding high compliance, at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, showing the theory's relevance and applicability in determining compliance. Explored are the reasons for non-compliance in the elderly population and how the theory model can remedy these detriments for compliance. The empowerment of elderly patients through the application of this theory to medication compliance is examined. The determination of adherence and compliance is shown by the application of the relationship between self-efficacy and both expert and referent power.     

Expression of three UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide GalNAc N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases in adenocarcinoma cell lines

The levels of mRNA expression of three UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide GalNAc N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-transferases) were quantified for human adenocarcinoma cell lines from pancreas, colon, stomach, and breast. Two of the GalNAc-transferases, GalNAc-T1 and GalNAc-T2, were expressed constitutively and at low levels in most or all cell lines examined. A third GalNAc-transferase, GalNAc-T3, was differentially expressed. Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma cell lines expressed high levels and moderately differentiated cell lines expressed lower levels of GalNAc-T3. Cell lines classified as poorly differentiated failed to express GalNAc-T3 mRNA at levels that could be detected by Northern blot analysis. Differential expression of the GalNAc-T3 protein was confirmed in these cell lines by Western blotting. We propose that glycosylation in tumor cell lines may be regulated in part by differential expression of GalNAc-transferases, and we suggest that GalNAc-T3 gene expression may be a molecular indicator of differentiated adenocarcinoma.     

One or two incisions for nephroureterectomy in transitional cell renal pelvis tumours

A retrospective study comprising 18 patients with transitional cell renal pelvis tumours (TCPT) was carried out to evaluate the results after two different surgical procedures for nephroureterectomy. The kidney was removed by a flank incision and the lower part of the ureter by either an incision in the lower part of the abdomen or intussusception of the ureter followed by transurethral resection of the ureteral orifice. Eight patients were subjected to nephroureterectomy by means of two incisions and another eight patients underwent a simple nephrectomy followed by ureteral intus-susception and transurethral resection. Two patients received other treatments. After nephroureterectomy with a separate incision for ureterectomy, the average hospital stay was 12 days, compared with 7.5 days in patients operated upon with only one abdominal incision. Recurrence of tumour or survival was not significantly different in the two groups.     

Interactions of lactone, carboxylate and self-aggregated forms of camptothecin with human and bovine serum albumins

Highly degenerate primers to conserved regions of the eukaryotic phosphoinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) were used to amplify fragments of plant PLCs from Arabidopsis thaliana genomic DNA. Eight completely different fragment sequences that showed high homology to PLCs of both animals and plants were isolated. The variation between these putative PLCs was high and suggests that, like animals, plants have multiple isoforms of PLC. Using one of the PCR clones, we isolated a corresponding full-length Arabidopsis PLC gene (ATHATPLC1G), and sequence analysis indicated that it was most like a delta-type PLC. This gene is 2.5 kb and contains seven introns, all but one of which has intron/exon border sequences that conform to the Arabidopsis consensus. The structural complexity of the gene is relatively simple compared to mammalian beta-type PLCs that can be 15 kb long with up to 30 introns. The plant gene is a single copy and was mapped to four Arabidopsis YACs, one located on chromosome 2. The promoter region contained two TATA-like elements at -43 and -185 and other putative regulatory elements that suggest that this PLC is hormonally regulated. This is the first plant PLC gene and the first delta type-PLC gene from a higher organism to be sequenced.     

Conditions for reliable dewatering systems based on voidless drainage in slightly permeable soils

Conclusions 1. Use of dewatering systems based on voidless drainage is most effective when dewatering slightly permeable soils in regions with a deep seasonal frost. 2. Two-story drainage with the upper and lower stories spaced 30 m apart accelerates the discharge of gravitational water from the arable layer. Results of observations on two-story drainage in experimental-production sections indicated that it discharges 2 – 3.8 times more water than systematic tubular drainage with an interdrain spacing of 10 m and a 0.2-m thick three-dimensional filter of a sandy-gravelly mixture. 3. It is recommended to use crushed stone and porous-clay gravel with a fineness of 10 – 20 mm as a filler. In that case, protection of the drain filler is, as a rule, required only from the intrusion of soil from above during construction in cohesive soils with a plasticity indexW _p≥7. 4. seepage rate in a voidless drain should be lower than the scouring velocity for the soil in which the voidless drainage is placed. In the opposite case, it is necessary to lower the grade of the drains or select a filler gradation such that the seepage rate in the drain be lower than the scouring velocity. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 8, pp. 41–43, August, 1998.     

Error in the UNITY substitution rule for subscripted operators

UNITY, introduced by Chandy and Misra [ChM88], is a programming logic intended to reason about temporal properties of distributed programs. Despite the fact that UNITY does not have the full power of, for example, linear temporal logic, it enjoys popularity due to its simplicity.There was however a serious problem with the Substitution Rule. The logic is incomplete without the rule, and with the rule it is inconsistent.     

Performance evaluation of rule grouping on a real-time expertsystem architecture

Uses a Markov process to model a real-time expert system architecture characterized by message passing and event-driven scheduling. The model is applied to the performance evaluation of rule grouping for real-time expert systems running on this architecture. An optimizing algorithm based on Kernighan-Lin heuristic graph partitioning for the real-time architecture is developed and a demonstration system based on the model and algorithm has been developed and tested on a portion of the advanced GPS receiver (AGR) and manned manoeuvring unit (MMU) knowledge bases