Relation Between Multiregion Crack Growth and Dynamic Fatigue of Glass Using Indentation Flaws

The influence of transport-limited kinetic crack growth on the fatigue properties of soda-lime glass was examined. Dynamic fatigue data were taken on specimens with controlled indentation flaws and were compared with the predicted response from measured crack velocity characteristics. Heptane was used as the operational test environment because of its pronounced crack velocity plateau; control tests in water served to establish a baseline reference for comparing the results. Frac-tographic observations using a stress wave marker technique showed a complex growth history for flaws broken in heptane compared to that for flaws broken in water. The magnitude of the predicted region II influence is too small to be detected in the dynamic fatigue results, even allowing for the relatively high degree of data reproducibility. The implications of this conclusion for lifetime predictions are discussed.     

Humidity Drying of Plastic Clay

The humidity drying cycle gives rise to surface and body cracks in plastic clay. The cracks appear in the initial stages when the clay is being heated in a saturated atmosphere. Various factors affecting cracking in this initial heating stage were studied using a purified kaolin in the plastic state, and appropriate experimental models were used to isolate certain aspects for study. It is shown that the condensation of moisture on the clay surface is the major factor influencing the cracking of the plastic clay. The effect of thermal diffusion is insignificant and the loss of mechanical strength is of secondary importance. The balance af evidence from the literature and from this study indicates that capillarity plays a major part in the movement of moisture and the production of stresses during drying. When air spaces are present in the body, thermal capillarity may become important. Stresses caused by thermal expansion oppose those caused by drying shrinkage, while the thermal expansion of capillaries will have a negligible effect.     

Effects of Cooking in Solutions of Varying pH on the Dietary Fiber Components of Vegetables

To study the effect of pH on dietary fiber components of vegetables, beans, cauliflower, potatoes, peas and corn were cooked in buffers of pH 2, 4, 6, and 10. Water-soluble pectin and hemicellulose, water-insoluble pectin and hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were quantitated in raw, cooked vegetables and cooking medium. Tenderness and pH of raw and cooked vegetables were determined. Texture varied with cooking medium. Cooked vegetables were most firm at pH 4 and softest at pH 10. Dietary components found in cooking medium reflected these textural changes. Vegetables which showed greater pH effects exhibited greater changes in fiber components.     

Grain growth in samples of aluminum containing alumina particles

A study of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional grain size distributions before and after grain growth treatments has been made in samples having a range of oxide contents. In order to collect statistically useful amounts of data, an automatic image analyzer was used and the resulting data were subjected to a series of statistical tests which evaluate the difference between related distributions. Normal grain growth was observed in samples of the lowest oxide content; as the oxide level was increased, a significant narrowing of the grain size distribution was observed. In the latter samples the maximum or limiting grain size measured after prolonged heat treatment is approximately one half that predicted by Zener and is in broad agreement with the values calculated from the models due to Hillert and Gladman. Anomalous grain growth has been observed in samples where normal grain growth is restricted and where the initial grain size distribution is very wide.     

SPOILAGE AND HISTAMINE IN WHOLE PACIFIC HERRING (CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI) AND PINK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA) FILLETS

Fresh pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) fillets and whole Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) were stored for two weeks at 10C to determine if significant amounts of histamine were produced before the fish spoiled. Spoilage odors in salmon were moderate by day 4 and intense by day 7, while herring had detectable spoilage by day 4 and became potent by day 6. Aerobic bacterial counts increased from 4.0 × 10²/g initially to 3.6 × 10⁸/g in salmon fillets by day 14 and from 2.3 × 10³/g initially to 2.7 × 10⁷/g in whole herring by day 14. Total volatile nitrogen increased from 1.8 to 78.5 mg N/100 g in salmon and 2.2 to 23.6 mg N/100 g in herring. Histamine was not detected in salmon, while concentrations reached 54.9 ppm in herring at day 14. However, herring were considered spoiled by day 6.     

使用步进马达制冷控制阀费用的直接和间接节约

在空调和制冷行业追求更高效率和使用不同制冷剂时,各类电子控制器和电动阀正前所未有地大量使用.电动阀几乎可以在制冷系统中任何一个地方使用,而并不局限于膨胀阀.直接费用的节约,通常是由于电动阀根据冷凝压力和回气压力变化作出调整来实现的.间接费用的节约,通常是通过冷柜空间内温度的稳定,增加食品的寿命来获得的.     

CCC: A Caching Compiler for C

C compilers in production environments often have to reprocess the same header files. CCC is a caching C compiler which maintains a database of partially processed header files so that repetitive work may be eliminated. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

K-BAND LAND-MOBILE SATELLITE CHANNEL CHARACTERIZATION USING ACTS

K-band pilot tone data collected by the Advanced communications technology satellite (ACTS) mobile terminal (AMT) during 1994 are used to characterize the K-band land-mobile satellite channel. The characterization is twofold: a probability density model is derived which shows that the fade exceedance levels at K-band are much higher than those at lower frequencies, particularly at L-band. Furthermore, the fade statistics are very dependent on the geometry of the surrounding environment. The difference between good and bad environments is much more pronounced at K-band than at L-band. A discrete time model is used to provide insight into the bursty nature of the errors induced by propagation effects on the channel. For a data rate of 9600 bps, the average fade duration for a fade threshold of 6 dB is of the order of a few thousand bits, which corresponds to a fade duration of 2—5 ms. The fade durations are typical of those at L-band which suggests that whereas the K-band fades are more severe than those at L-band, the durations are approximately the same.     

ACTS MOBILE TERMINALS

The development of the advanced communications technology satellite (ACTS) mobile terminal (AMT) and its follow-on, the broadband aeronautical terminal (BAT), have provided an excellent testbed for the evaluation of K- and Ka-band mobile satellite communications systems. Such systems have proved viable for many different commercial and government applications. Combining emerging satellite communications technologies such as ACTS' highly focused spotbeams with the smaller, higher-gain K- and Ka-band antenna technology, results in system designs that can support significantly higher throughput capacity than today's current commercial systems. An overview of both of these terminals is presented in this paper.     

CRYPTANALYSIS OF SHIFT STREAM GENERATED STREAM CIPHER SYSTEMS – BOOK REVIEW

A new method for realizing public-key cryptosystem is proposed in this paper. Three plaintext messages are transformed into three cryptograms in this method. Message authentication is easily realized by this method. Y≡A^x mod P is used as a one-way function, where P is prime.