Casein Hydrolysate Fractions Act as Emulsifiers in Process Cheese

ABSTRACT: Degrees of hydrolysis and emulsifying activity of casein hydrolysates were the highest at 4 h hydrolysis. The oil-off values of the mixture of hydrolysate (H) or supernatant (S) and traditional emulsifier (T) were not significantly different from the control made with traditional emulsifier, except for S + T = 3:1. Two other samples made with hydrolysate or supernatant only (H or S) showed higher oil-off value than the others (p < 0.05). In flavor property, no difference was found between samples made with traditional emulsifier and those made with the mixture of hydrolysate or supernatant at the ratio of 3 to 1. Therefore, these results indicated that a mixture of the hydrolysate or supernatant and traditional emulsifier might replace a traditional emulsifier in process cheese manufacturing.     

Vertex-based inter-frame boundary encoding scheme

The boundary is approximated by a polygon which can be encoded with the smallest number of bits for maximum distortion. The temporal redundancy between two successive frames is efficiently removed with the proposed scheme, resulting in a lower bit rate than the conventional algorithms     

An analytical model for high electron mobility transistors

In this paper we present a new model for HEMT's which is based on a single analytical function that describes the electron concentrations in the two dimensional electron gas and in the AlGaAs layer. Besides accounting for the AlGaAs conduction, the model includes the effect of mobility degradation, channel length modulation in the saturation region and the series resistances R_S and R_D. The model results in closed form expressions for the current, transconductance, output conductance and gate capacitance. Finally, the theoretical predictions of the model are compared with the experimental data and shown to be in good agreement over a wide range of bias conditions     

Over GHz electrical circuit model of a high-density multiple line grid array (MLGA) interposer

The multiple line grid array (MLGA) interposer was recently introduced as a future high-density high-speed bonding method. In this paper, we introduce an electrical model and high-frequency characteristics of the MLGA interposer. The high-frequency electrical model was extracted from microwave S-parameter measurements up to 20 GHz as well as from fundamental microwave network analysis. For the parameter fitting process during model extraction, an optimization method was used. Several different types of MLGA interposers were designed, assembled and tested. The test vehicles contained coplanar waveguides, probing pads and an MLGA interposer structure. The height of the MLGA, the conductor shape inside the MLGA, and the dielectric insulator of the MLGA were varied. From the model, an MLGA with a height of 0.4 mm and a polymer dielectric insulator was found to have 203 pH of self inductance, 49 pH of mutual inductance with the nearest ground conductor line, and 186 fF of mutual capacitance. By reducing the height of the MLGA and by using an insulator with a lower dielectric constant, parasitic inductance and capacitance is further reduced. TDR/TDT simulation and measurement showed the validity of the extracted model parameters of the MLGA interposer. Circuit simulation based on the extracted model revealed that the MLGA interposer could be successfully used for microwave device packages up to 20 GHz and for high-speed digital device packages with a clock cycle up to 5 GHz.     

Effects of potential and heat treatment on phase transition of alumina dielectric layer

The characteristics and growth behaviors of alumina dielectric layer formed by anodic oxidation were investigated. The aluminum oxide layer anodized at 400 V was predominantly amorphous alumina, but at the applied potentials more than 500 V, amorphous and crystalline γ-alumina were existed in anodic oxide layer and the ratio of γ-alumina increased with the increasing applied potential. During the heat treatment at 600^°C or higher temperature, amorphous alumina layer was transformed into the crystalline γ-alumina. The phase transition of anodic amorphous alumina into crystalline depends on anodic applied potentials and heat-treatment temperatures.     

Nanoporous activated carbon cloth for capacitive deionization of aqueous solution

Activated nanostructured-carbon cloths with a high ratio of surface area to volume are used as electrode for capacitive deionization. The electrochemical properties on capacitive deionization for NaCl solution have been investigated to improve efficiency of capacitive deionization properties from aqueous solution, employing chemical surface-modification by etching in alkaline and acidic solution. The removal efficiency of inorganic salts of activated carbon cloths by chemical modification significantly increased. Specially the carbon cloth surface modified in HNO₃ showed an effect of improvement in the CDI efficiency due to not only ion adsorption by an electric double layer, but also electron transfer by Faradaic reaction.     

Analysis of hazard area associated with hydrogen gas transmission pipelines

Hydrogen is considered to be the most important future energy carrier in many applications reducing significantly greenhouse gas emissions, but the safety issues associated with hydrogen applications need to be investigated and fully understood to be applicable as the carrier. Generally, the locations of hydrogen production and consumption are different. Hydrogen must be transported from the point of production to the point of use. Pipeline delivery is cheaper than all other methods for large quantities of hydrogen. The rupture of a hydrogen pipeline can lead to outcomes that can pose a significant threat to people and property in the immediate vicinity of the failure point. In this work, a simplified equation of hazard analysis is proposed for the pipeline transporting hydrogen, which relates the diameter, the operating pressure and the length of the pipeline to the size of the affected area in the event of a failure of the pipeline. The dominant hazards are thermal radiation from sustained fire and shock pressure from gas cloud explosion. For a transmission pipeline of hydrogen gas, the hazard area from the fire is slightly larger than by the other event. The hazard area is directly proportional to the operating pressure raised to the power one-half, and to the pipeline diameter. This simplified equation to estimate the hazard area will be a useful tool for safety management of hydrogen gas transmission pipelines.     

A positive‐working photosensitive polyimide based on thermal cross‐linking and acidolytic cleavage

A novel positive‐working photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) based on a poly(hydroxyimide) (PHI), a crosslinking agent having vinyl ether groups, and a photoacid generator (PAG) was prepared. The PHI as a base resin of the three‐component PSPI was synthesized from 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride and 2,2′‐bis(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane through ring‐opening polymerization and subsequent thermal cyclization. 2,2′‐bis(4‐(2‐(vinyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl)propane (BPA‐DEVE) was used as a vinylether compound and diphenyliodonium 5‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate was used as a PAG. The phenolic hydroxyl groups of the PHI and the vinyl ether groups of BPA‐DEVE are thermally crosslinked with acetal structures during prebake step, and the crosslinked PHI becomes completely insoluble in an aqueous basic solution. Upon exposure to UV light (365 nm) and subsequent postexposure bake (PEB), a strong acid generated from the PAG cleaves the crosslinked structures, and the exposed area is effectively solubilized in the alkaline developer. The dissolution behavior of the PSPI containing each 11.5 wt % of BPA‐DEVE and of the PAG was studied after UV exposure (365 nm) and PEB. It was found that the difference in dissolution rates between exposed and unexposed areas was enough to get high resolution. A fine positive pattern with a resolution of 5 μm in a 3.7‐μm‐thick film was obtained from the three‐component PSPI. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Performance of GaAs-AlGaAs V-grooved inner stripe quantum-well wirelasers with different current blocking configurations

GaAs-AlGaAs V-grooved inner stripe (VIS) quantum-well wire (QWW) lasers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with different current blocking configurations, n-blocking on p-substrate (VIPS), p-n-p-n blocking on n-substrate (VI(PN)_nS) and p-blocking on n-substrate (VINS) have been fabricated and characterized. The VIPS QWW lasers show the most stable characteristics with effective current confinement: one of the lasers shows fundamental transverse mode, lasing up to 5 mW/facet, typical threshold current of 39.9 mA at 818.5 mm, an external differential quantum efficiency of 24%/facet, and characteristic temperature of 92 K. The current tuning rate was almost linear at 0.031 mm/mA, and the temperature tuning rate was measured to be 0.14 nm/°C. Comparison of the light output versus current characteristics of the lasers with different current blocking configurations is presented here