Synthesis and investigation of desalinating,antibacterial, and mechanical properties of tetraethylorthosilicate crosslinked chitosan/polyethylene glycol (PEG-300) membranes for reverse osmosis

Solution casting method was used to synthesize chitosan (CS)-based membranes for reverse osmosis (RO) using PEG-300 and tetraethylorthosilicate as a crosslinker. Their salt rejection (%) and permeate flux (mL/h.m²) was measured by using lab scale RO plant. FTIR spectroscopy reveals interactions between CS and PEG by shifting of  OH peak from 3237 cm⁻¹ to lower wavenumber in modified membranes. SEM results showed pores in modified membranes while pure CS membranes had uniform nonporous and dense microstructure. DMA results demonstrated that the addition of PEG lowers the T_g value up to 6.5%. Water content of membranes increases up to 82.63% as the amount of PEG increases owing to its hydrophilic nature. The bacterial killing ability showed that the modified membranes possess good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli in comparison to the control film. The permeation results revealed that salt rejection and flux of the modified membranes increased up 60% and 86.36 mL/h.m², respectively. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48870.     

Taste loss in the elderly: Possible implications for dietary habits

Aging may coincide with a declining gustatory function that can affect dietary intake and ultimately have negative health consequences. Taste loss is caused by physiological changes and worsened by events often associated with aging, such as polypharmacy and chronic disease. The most pronounced increase in elderly people's detection threshold has been observed for sour and bitter tastes, but their perception of salty, sweet, and umami tastes also seems to decline with age. It has often been suggested that elderly people who lose their sense of taste may eat less food or choose stronger flavors, but the literature has revealed a more complicated picture: taste loss does not appear to make elderly people prefer stronger flavors, but nutrition surveys have pointed to a greater consumption of sweet and salty foods.

Real-life eating habits thus seem to be more influenced by other, social and psychological factors. Elderly gustatory function is worth investigating to identify dietary strategies that can prevent the consequences of unhealthy eating habits in the elderly.

This paper discusses age-related changes in taste perception, focusing on their consequences on food preferences, and pointing to some strategies for preserving appropriate dietary habits in elderly people.     

Large area mass analyzer instrument for the chemical analysis of interstellar dust particles

A new instrument to analyze the chemical composition of dust particles in situ in space has been developed. The large target area ( approximately 0.2 m(2)) makes this instrument well suited for detecting a statistically significant number of interstellar dust grains or other dust particles with a low flux. The device is a reflectron-type time-of-flight mass spectrometer that uses only flat electrodes for the generation of the parabolic potential. The instrument analyzes the ions from the impact generated plasma due to hypervelocity dust impacts onto a solid target surface. The SIMION ion optics software package is used to investigate different potential field configurations and optimize the mass resolution and focusing of the ions. The cylindrically symmetric instrument operates with six ring electrodes and six annular electrodes biased to different potentials to create the potential distribution of the reflectron. The laboratory model of the instrument has been fabricated and tested. Hypervelocity dust impacts are simulated by laser ablation using a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser with approximately 8 ns pulse length. The experimental data show typical mass resolution m/Deltam approximately 200.     

Modeling of Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Ni-Based Superalloys Using Artificial Neural Network

The objective of this work is to model the thermal expansion coefficients of various Ni-based superalloys used in gas turbine components. The thermal expansion coefficient is described as a function of temperature, chemical composition including Ni, Cr, Co, Mo, W, Ta, Nb, Al, Ti, B, Zr, and C contents as well as heat treatment including solutionizing and aging. Experimental values are well described and their relative changes well correlated by the model. Because gas turbine engine components operate under severe loading conditions and at high and varying temperatures, the prediction of their thermal expansion coefficient is crucial. The model developed in this work can be useful for design optimizations for minimizing thermo-mechanical stresses between the base alloys and potential protective coatings or adjacent components. It can substantially contribute to improve the performance and service life of gas turbine components.     

Dielectric properties of humid mica surfaces

The dynamic behaviour of conduction and polarization processes on humid surfaces of mica has been studied in the frequency and time domains as function of the relative humidity, sample geometry, steady bias and electrode material. Detailed analysis of complex impedance and admittance plots has led to improved understanding of the role of the electrodes. The general conclusion which confirms and augments earlier studies is that humid mica surfaces may be represented by a parallel combination of an essentially extraneous electrode capacitance which does not depend on humidity and bias, and the surface processes which ultimately become dominated by low-frequency dispersion. It is concluded that the behaviour does not depend in a major way on the nature of the electrode material, which implies that the dispersive processes observed are intrinsic to the humid surface, and are not dominated by contact effects between the metal contacts and the humid surface.     

Fabrication of nanocomposites of alginate/pectin crosslinked with Ca2+ and its applications for the reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+and sensor activities

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - Composite gels of Alginate/Pectin/Dextran (Alg/Pec/Dex/Ca2+) with and without Au, or TiO2, or SiO2 NPs and then crosslinked with Ca2+ were...     

Teaching requirements elicitation interviews: an empirical study of learning from mistakes

Requirements Engineering - Interviews are the most widely used elicitation technique in requirements engineering (RE). However, conducting a requirements elicitation interview is challenging. The...     

Variation in aerosol black carbon concentration and its emission estimates at the mega-city Delhi

Simultaneous measurements of aerosol black carbon (BC) mass concentration using an Aethalometer Model AE-42 and mixing layer height (MLH) using a monostatic sonic detection and ranging (SODAR) system were carried out from January 2006 to January 2007 at the mega-city Delhi. The BC concentration generally had a typical diurnal variation with morning and late-afternoon/night peaks. The average BC concentration during the whole period of observation was fairly high at 14.75 μg m^?3. The BC concentration nearly doubled during cloudy-sky conditions compared to that during clear-sky conditions. The seasonal variation showed a maximum average concentration during the winter (25.5 μg m^?3) and a minimum during the monsoon season (7.7 μg m^?3), with post- and pre-monsoon values at 13.7 and 9.4 μg m^?3, respectively. The average BC concentrations were strongly affected by the ventilation coefficient, a product of average wind speed (WS) and average MLH, and were found to be strongly anticorrelated. A simple model of BC concentration along with the MLH and WS was applied to estimate the average BC emission, which was found to vary in the range 11?000–17?000 kg of BC per day. The maximum emission during the day averaged every hour for different months lay in the range 1000–2100 kg h^?1. The mean monthly emission varied in the range 0.35–0.52 Gg per month, giving rise to an annual estimated emission of 4.86 Gg in the year 2006 over Delhi.     

Degradation of rice straw by Pleurotus flabellatus

Degradative changes in the constituents of rice straw substrate during the growth and commercial production of fruit bodies by Pleurotus flabellatus were investigated. There was a continuous increase in the free sugars from the time of inoculation until the end of harvesting of the fruit bodies, whereas the free amino acids reached a maximum at the end of mycelial growth and showed a slight decrease after fructification. Glucose, xylose, arabinose, cellobiose and a higher oligosaccharide represented the spectrum of sugars produced. Of the 12 amino acids (apart from two peptides) identified, aspartic acid, histidine and tyrosine were the major components. Solubilities and spectral characteristics of lignin degraded in the straw substrate were studied using alkali-extracted lignin. Laccase and protease activities in the straw substrate at different stages of fungal degradation could be correlated to the decreases in the staw lignin and protein contents, respectively. Colour reactions of the fungus on several phenolic media, demonstration of phenolic oxidases in the straw substrate, and ability of the fungus to degrade lignin conclusively proved that the fungus under study is a typical ‘white rot’ fungus. Degradation of the straw substrate by the fungus reached a maximum at the end of harvest of the fruit bodies. The spent straw substrate (left over after harvesting the fruit bodies) contained free sugars and amino acids, respectively 5 and 2 times the concentration of those in the undegraded straw substrate, and lignin decreased to about 25% of the level in the straw before fermentation. Potential applications of the spent straw substrate as an upgraded form of rumen feed and for the production of single-cell protein are discussed.     

Pleurotus mushrooms. Part I A. Morphology, life cycle, taxonomy, breeding, and cultivation

Pleurotus species represent a well-defined group of Basidiomyceteous fungi of the order Agaricales and family Tricholomataceae. They are characterized by the production of fruit bodies with an eccentric stalk and a wide cap shaped like an oyster shell, with the widest portion of the cap being away from the stalk. They grow over a wide range of temperatures and are able to colonize a wide spectrum of unfermented, natural, lignino-cellulosic wastes. Because of their fast mycelial growth rate, they colonize the substrates rapidly; the yield of fruit bodies is also high. The bifactorial inheritance, observed in many of the species, suggests the likelihood of a high degree of genetic variability, and, hence, considerable breeding potential. Pleurotus species can be grown on a commercial scale, without the need for composting and artificial conditioning of the ambient temperature. Aspects of basic and applied research--such as morphology, life cycle, taxonomy, breeding, and cultivation--leading to development of a "Pleurotus Technology" are dealt with here.