Time‐space PGD for the rapid solution of 3D nonlinear parametrized problems in the many‐query context

This work deals with the question of the resolution of nonlinear problems for many different configurations in order to build a ‘virtual chart’ of solutions. The targeted problems are three‐dimensional structures driven by Chaboche‐type elastic‐viscoplastic constitutive laws. In this context, parametric analysis can lead to highly expensive computations when using a direct treatment. As an alternative, we present a technique based on the use of the time‐space proper generalized decomposition in the framework of the LATIN method. To speed up the calculations in the parametrized context, we use the fact that at each iteration of the LATIN method, an approximation over the entire time‐space domain is available. Then, a global reduced‐order basis is generated, reused and eventually enriched, by treating, one‐by‐one, all the various parameter sets. The novelty of the current paper is to develop a strategy that uses the reduced‐order basis for any new set of parameters as an initialization for the iterative procedure. The reduced‐order basis, which has been built for a set of parameters, is reused to build a first approximation of the solution for another set of parameters. An error indicator allows adding new functions to the basis only if necessary. The gain of this strategy for studying the influence of material or loading variability reaches the order of 25 in the industrial examples that are presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Les glissements de terrain du quartier Bélouizdad, Constantine, Algérie

In Constantine, Belouizdad district landslides are extensive (Fig. 1). They occur along a hillside largely urbanized, and cover over 30 hectares. Dozens of houses were destroyed. The formations raised by these movements correspond to the alternating of thick Miocene clays and conglomerates. These contain several aquifers. The study of these landslides is conducted on the basis of recognition by deep boreholes equipped with piezometers and inclinometers. The inclinometric measurements have revealed failure surfaces sometimes deep (20 to 30 m) and north displacement, towards the Rhumel wadi. The use of a stability calculation software “Talren” shows on the one hand, the high sensitivity of unstable Miocene formations in the presence of water and on the other hand, a significant revival of the safety factor by reducing the pore pressure. The recommended solutions are therefore a lowering of underground water levels. Two techniques are recommended : deep drainage trench or galleries combined with radiating drainage holes.     

Effect of Thermomechanical Fatigue on Precipitation Microstructure in Two Precipitation-Hardened Cast Aluminum Alloys

Thermal loading induces modifications of the precipitation microstructure of Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloys. This study focuses on the effect of deformation on precipitation microstructure during thermomechanical loadings. Several specimens were thermomechanically cycled while others were exposed to the same thermal cycles without any mechanical loading. The nature and morphological characteristics of the precipitation microstructure of the thermomechanically cycled specimens are compared to those of the thermally aged ones, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in order to assess the effect of deformation on the precipitation microstructure and especially on the kinetics of precipitate growth. The absence of any significant effect of superimposed straining during thermal cycling is discussed. Implications for the prevision of yield strength degradation during service operation are briefly presented.

     

Role of end-groups and catalyst in polyester cyclodepolymerization and cycle-chain equilibria

The influence of polyesters end-groups on cyclic oligoester formation is investigated using a series of hydroxy-, carboxy- and methylester-terminated aliphatic polyesters, in the presence of various ester interchange catalysts. The presence of hydroxy end-groups is the preponderant factor on cyclodepolymerization kinetics. This indicates that the main reaction is the intramolecular hydroxy–ester interchange reaction between hydroxy end-groups and ester functions in the chain. Carboxy-ester and ester–ester interchanges play a minor role, as the cycle-chain equilibrium is reached only very slowly when carboxy- or ester-terminated polyesters are reacted. High temperature and the presence of tin catalysts are also favorable factors, while, as expected, dilution shifts the equilibrium toward the formation of high yields of cyclic oligoesters. A mechanism is proposed, based on the reverse of the “coordination-insertion” mechanism established for the ring-opening polymerization of lactones.     

生物聚合物的创新应用

描述了生物聚合物的创新应用.探索了两种趋势的原因.首先,最近三年中,原油价格猛涨,各种衍生物的价格也随之上涨,促使人们寻找其他可能的原料.其次,欧洲农业处于重大变革的前夜,环境法律的实施,向世界经济的开放以及补贴的减少,促使农业寻找新的市场.玉米和糖用甜菜可能是未来的出路.     

In vitro inhibitory effect of tetrahydrocurcuminoids on Fusarium proliferatum growth and fumonisin B₁ biosynthesis

Many plant pathogens produce toxic metabolites when growing on food and feed. Some antioxidative components seem to prevent fungal growth and mycotoxin formation. Recently, we synthesized a new class of powerful antioxidative compounds, i.e. tetrahydrocurcuminoids, and its structure/antioxidant activity relationships have been established. The South West of France produces large amounts of corn, which can be infected by Fusarium species, particularly F. proliferatum. In this context, the efficiency of tetrahydrocurcuminoids, which can be obtained from natural curcuminoids, was investigated to control in vitro the growth of F. proliferatum and the production of its associated mycotoxin, fumonisin B?. The relation between structure and antifungal activity was studied. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC1), with two guaiacyl phenolic subunits, showed the highest inhibitory activity (measured as radial growth on agar medium) against the F. proliferatum development (67% inhibition at a concentration of 13.6 μmol ml?1). The efficiencies of THC2 (36% at a concentration of 11.5 μmol ml?1), which contains syringyl phenolic units, and THC3 (30% at a concentration of 13.6 μmol ml?1), which does not have any substituent on the aromatic rings, were relatively close. These results indicate that the simultaneous presence of guaiacyl phenols and the enolic function of the β-diketone moiety play an important role in the inhibition mechanisms. The importance of this combination was confirmed using n-propylguaiacol and acetylacetone as molecular models. Under the same conditions, ferulic acid and eugenol, other natural phenolic antioxidants, were less efficient in inhibiting fungal growth. THC1 also reduced fumonisin B? production in liquid medium by approximately 35, 50 and 75% at concentrations of 0.8, 1.3, and 1.9 μmol ml?1, respectively. These very low inhibitory concentrations show that tetrahydrocurcuminoids could be one of the most promising biobased molecules for the control of mycotoxinogen fungal strains.     

Al2O3-ZrO2 Finely Structured Multilayer Architectures from Suspension Plasma Spraying

Suspension plasma spraying (SPS) is an alternative to conventional atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) aiming at manufacturing thinner layers (i.e., 10-100 μm) due to the specific size of the feedstock particles, from a few tens of nanometers to a few micrometers. The staking of lamellae and particles, which present a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 μm and an average thickness from 20 to 300 nm, permits to manufacture finely structured layers. Moreover, it appears as a versatile process able to manufacture different coating architectures according to the operating parameters (suspension properties, injection configuration, plasma properties, spray distance, torch scan velocity, scanning step, etc.). However, the different parameters controlling the properties of the coating, and their interdependences, are not yet fully identified. Thus, the aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to better understand the influence of operating parameters on the coating manufacturing mechanisms (in particular, the plasma gas mixture effect) and, on the other hand, to produce Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ finely structured layers with large varieties of architectures. For this purpose, a simple theoretical model was used to describe the plasma torch operating conditions at the nozzle exit, based on experimental data (mass enthalpy, arc current intensity, thermophysical properties of plasma forming gases, etc.) and the influences of the spray parameters were determined by mean of the study of sizes and shapes of spray beads. The results enabled then to reach a better understanding of involved phenomena and their interactions on the final coating architectures permitting to manufacture several types of microstructures.     

Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of Protein Concentrates Prepared from Cowpea and Bambara Bean Using Different Drying Methods

Effect of cabinet-drying, vacuum-drying, and freeze-drying methods on the surface hydrophobicity, secondary structure, emulsifying, and foaming properties of protein concentrates prepared from different cultivars of cowpea and Bambara bean was investigated. The vacuum-drying method reduced hydrophobicity, while freeze-dried concentrates presented high hydrophobicity. The concentrates prepared by freeze drying presented more β-sheet (40–43%) and less β-turn (19–24%) structures. Bambara bean protein concentrates prepared by freeze-drying presented higher emulsifying activity (56–59%) compared to those by vacuum-drying and cabinet-drying, while emulsifying activity varied significantly among cultivars of cowpea (46–61%). Protein concentrates prepared by cabinet-drying showed the highest foaming ability.     

The catalysis of the Ruff oxidative degradation of aldonic acids by titanium‐containing zeolites

Ti‐BEA and Ti‐FAU, obtained by post‐synthesis treatment, and TS‐1, obtained by direct hydrothermal synthesis, have been tested as catalysts for the Ruff oxidative degradation of calcium d‐gluconate to d‐arabinose using diluted hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Only large‐pore zeolites Ti‐BEA and Ti‐FAU were found to be active. It was shown, in particular, that a very rapid leaching of titanium occurred and that the titanium species present in the solution were responsible for the catalytic activity observed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.