The stable topology for residuated lattices

The spectrum of a residuated lattice L is the set Spec(L) of all prime i-filters. It is well known that Spec(L) can be endowed with the spectral topology. The main scope of this paper is to introduce and study another topology on Spec(L),?the so called stable topology, which turns out to be coarser than the spectral one. With this and in view, we introduce the notions of pure i-filter for a residuated lattice and the notion of normal residuated lattice. So, we generalize to case of residuated lattice some results relative to MV-algebras (Belluce and Sessa in Quaest Math 23:269–277, 2000; Cavaccini et?al. in Math Japonica 45(2):303–310, 1997) or BL-algebras (Eslami and Haghani in Kybernetika 45:491–506, 2009; Leustean in Central Eur J Math 1(3): 382–397, 2003; Turunen and Sessa in Mult-Valued Log 6(1–2):229–249, 2001).     

Oxidative dimerisation of propene to 1,5-hexadiene on Bi-Zn-O catalysts

The oxidative dimerisation of propene to 1,5-hexadiene has been investigated on Bi-Zn-O catalysts. The Bi₄₈ZnO₇₃ phase, observed in the catalysts calcined at 700 ° C is an active and selective catalyst for the formation of 1,5-hexadiene. The best catalytic performance (1,5-hexadiene selectivity 64%) has been obtained at 525 ° C, with a propene to oxygen ratio of 26, on a catalyst formed by Bi₄₈ZnO₇₃ with a small excess of ZnO.     

Detecting Fixed Patterns in Chordal Graphs in Polynomial Time

The Contractibility problem takes as input two graphs G and H, and the task is to decide whether H can be obtained from G by a sequence of edge contractions. The Induced Minor and Induced Topological Minor problems are similar, but the first allows both edge contractions and vertex deletions, whereas the latter allows only vertex deletions and vertex dissolutions. All three problems are NP-complete, even for certain fixed graphs H. We show that these problems can be solved in polynomial time for every fixed H when the input graph G is chordal. Our results can be considered tight, since these problems are known to be W[1]-hard on chordal graphs when parameterized by the size of H. To solve Contractibility and Induced Minor, we define and use a generalization of the classic Disjoint Paths problem, where we require the vertices of each of the k paths to be chosen from a specified set. We prove that this variant is NP-complete even when k=2, but that it is polynomial-time solvable on chordal graphs for every fixed k. Our algorithm for Induced Topological Minor is based on another generalization of Disjoint Paths called Induced Disjoint Paths, where the vertices from different paths may no longer be adjacent. We show that this problem, which is known to be NP-complete when k=2, can be solved in polynomial time on chordal graphs even when k is part of the input. Our results fit into the general framework of graph containment problems, where the aim is to decide whether a graph can be modified into another graph by a sequence of specified graph operations. Allowing combinations of the four well-known operations edge deletion, edge contraction, vertex deletion, and vertex dissolution results in the following ten containment relations: (induced) minor, (induced) topological minor, (induced) subgraph, (induced) spanning subgraph, dissolution, and contraction. Our results, combined with existing results, settle the complexity of each of the ten corresponding containment problems on chordal graphs.     

A new variety of low-linolenic rapeseed oil; Characteristics and room-odor tests

Two Canadian rapeseed oils, “Westar” and “low-linolenic”, supplied by the Canola Council were studied and compared with a French rapeseed. The linolenic acid content of the low-linolenic variety is about 3%. This drop in the C18∶3 is completely compensated for by an increase in the C18∶2. Seventy-two percent of the triglycerides with at least one linolenic chain disappeared. A strong increase in the OOL and OLL was observed. The room-odor tests showed that the “low-linolenic” had a significantly higher odor score than the French rapeseed and the “Westar”, both of these being very similar. A fruity odor dominated in the “low-linolenic”, and the fishy painty odors were particularly reduced.     

Effect of temperature on activity and selectivity of carbon supported Mo sulfide in simultaneous hydrodenitrogenation of pyridine and hydrodesulfurization of thiophene

Activity and selectivity of carbon supported Mo catalyst was tested in parallel hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of pyridine and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene in the temperature range 260–350 °C at 2 MPa of hydrogen pressure and compared with that of commercial NiMo-alumina catalyst Shell 324. The main advantages of carbon supported Mo sulfide over commercial NiMo catalyst can be summarized as follows: the markedly higher HDN and better HDS activities normalized to moles of active metals, the lower content of piperidine in the reaction products and the distinctly better selectivity towards HDN reaction.     

Curing process of powdered phenol–formaldehyde resol resins and the role of water in the curing systems

The curing behavior of two kinds of commercial powdered resol phenolic resins was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Liquid‐state ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy was used to aid in understanding the curing behavior by detecting the structure of powdered resins. The reaction mechanism was interpreted with the dependency of activation energy on the degree of conversion. The results indicate that there are differences in the curing mechanism between core and face phenolic resins. The curing process of core resin was faster than that of face resin at the same reaction temperature. The water added in the curing system played an important role of plasticizer or diluent according to different curing stages and water content. In the initial curing stage, water mainly diluted the system and retarded the curing reactions. However, at the higher degrees of conversion, water played the role of plasticizer to decrease the effect of diffusion on the curing reactions to make the curing reactions more complete. The excess water added in the curing system played the role of diluent at almost all stages during the curing process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1371–1378, 2003     

Catalyst’s Sulfur Displacement by Thiophene, as Monitored by Exchange of 35S Radiotracer

The isotopic exchange has been studied between catalyst radiosulfur and H₂S, formed in thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) (named S-displace) on alumina supported molybdena, on CoMoO_x, PdMoO_x, PtMoO_x and on silica–alumina supported NiWO_x. S-displace was compared with radiosulfur exchange data between catalyst radiosulfur and gas phase H₂S (S^exc) determined previously. The extent of S^exc was higher than that of the S-displace for Mo, CoMo in and NiW, whereas the extent of S-displace from PdMoO and PtMoO was significantly higher, than that of S^exc. Thiophene HDS product distribution data are discussed in terms of increased C=C hydrogenation and C–C hydrogenolysis activity, explained by increasing H₂S production with longer circulation time of the thiophene/H₂ mixture, The C₁/C₃<1 ratios among C₄-hydrogenolysis products indicate some coke formation. The decrease of thiophene HDS activity is presumably a consequence of increasing site-blocking with the formation of more H₂S and coke with longer duration of thiophene treatment.     

HamleDT: Harmonized multi-language dependency treebank

We present HamleDT—a HArmonized Multi-LanguagE Dependency Treebank. HamleDT is a compilation of existing dependency treebanks (or dependency conversions of other treebanks), transformed so that they all conform to the same annotation style. In the present article, we provide a thorough investigation and discussion of a number of phenomena that are comparable across languages, though their annotation in treebanks often differs. We claim that transformation procedures can be designed to automatically identify most such phenomena and convert them to a unified annotation style. This unification is beneficial both to comparative corpus linguistics and to machine learning of syntactic parsing.     

Dynamic light scattering measurements on the polystyrene/ethyl acetate system at semi-dilute concentrations as a function of temperature

Summary Measurements of autocorrelation functions extending over a broad time range are reported for a sample of polystyrene in ethyl acetate as a function of temperature between –44°C (-temperature) and 70°C. The corresponding spectra of decay times are obtained by two mathematical methods. The existence of three dynamic processes is shown and their temperature and angular behaviour is studied.     

Interaction between dietary protein and fat in triglyceride metabolism in the rat: Effects of soy protein and menhaden oil

The objective of the present study was to determine the mechanisms by which dietary proteins interact with dietary lipids in the regulation of triglyceridemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=56) were subjected to 28-d experimental diets containing different combinations of proteins (20% w/w) and lipid sources (14% w/w): (i) casein-menhaden oil, (ii) casein-beef tallow, (iii) soy protein-menhaden oil, and (iv) soy protein-beef tallow. Significant protein-lipid interactions were observed on triglyceridemia and hepatic cholesterol in fasted rats. The combination of casein and beef tallow was associated with high plasma TG and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, which were reduced by substitution either of soy for casein or of menhaden oil for beef tallow. Therefore, triglyceridemia and liver cholesterol remained low with soy protein feeding, independently of the lipid source, as well as with menhaden oil feeding, regardless of the protein source. The menhaden oil diets reduced plasma cholesterol, hepatic TG, and TG secretion compared with beef tallow diets independently of the dietary protein source. Modifying the source of dietary proteins and lipids had no effect on post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity. These results demonstrate that soy protein can lower rat triglyceridemia relative to casein when associated with beef tallow consumption, whereas menhaden oil can attenuate hypertriglyceridemia when rats are fed casein. The data further suggest that part of the hypotriglyceridemic effect of soy protein in the rat may be mediated by reduced hepatic lipid synthesis, as is the case for menhaden oil.