The Effect of Ozone Gas on IL-1β and IL-10 Levels of Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Aggressive Periodontitis Patients

ABSTRACT

Although the use of ozone therapy in dentistry has become widespread, the number of controlled clinical trials evaluating its effectiveness in periodontal therapy is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ozone treatment, that is used in concert with scaling and root planning (SRP), on clinical periodontal parameters and to analyze its effect on cytokine levels of GCF in aggressive periodontitis patients. Totally, 27 patients with aggressive periodontitis were randomly selected into groups of treatment with either subgingival SRP followed by application of ozone with a periodontal probe (SRP+ozone) or subgingival SRP followed by irrigation with serum irrigation (SRP-control). The following parameters were evaluated at baseline (T0), and 6 weeks (T1): plaque index (PI); gingival index (GI); probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), GCF volume, GCF Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and GCF Interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine levels. There was a significant difference in terms of clinical periodontal parameters before and after treatment in both groups. When comparing between groups, there was no significant difference between the treatment methods after 6 weeks with respect to the PI, PPD, CAL, and GCF IL-10 levels. In contrast, GI, GCF volume, and GCF IL-1β levels were statistically significantly different between the two groups at the 6th week after treatment. Application of ozone as an adjunctive therapy to SRP was shown to provide a statistically significant improvement in treatment results compared to SRP plus serum irrigation.     

A new error reduction technique for reflection coefficient measurements for use in quick laboratory tests

ABSTRACT

Reflection coefficient measurement is one of those fundamental methods for determining the performance of radar absorber materials, and reflections due to these measurements are originated from the discontinuities in the measurement system and they result in error. In this paper, a new technique for the calibration of the scalar reflection coefficient measurements in the frequency range of 3–18 GHz in a portable two-sectioned metallic chamber is being proposed for use in quick laboratory tests with reasonable error (redacted error). Calibration measurements are performed by two calibration standards in frequency domain and transformed to time domain for further calculation. Proposed technique exhibits a good agreement with the theoretical values for especially in compact chambers where plane-wave conditions are not fully satisfied, and it is not in need of any complex time gating process. Furthermore, it does not require considering the phase differences which occurs at the measurement plane, providing a cheap and faster solution, reducing time and complexity in characterization of radar absorber materials. This technique with the mentioned test set-up could supply scalar reflection coefficient measurements with overall 0.55 dB error level and useful for practical applications where high level of accuracy is not required.     

Exact analysis of hydrogen induced stress in metal solid sphere

The effect of hydrogen in metals requires a detailed study involving an analysis of the stress-strain tensor field, stemming from the introduction of hydrogen atoms to the system. A model is created, utilizing the strain-stress state generated by the hydrogen atom and the coupling effect between the hydrogen and metal atom. A set of equations are established for a spherical body in the context of theory of elasticity and stress components within the system are determined. The effect of hydrogen concentration along with hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are investigated involving theoretical analysis and analytical ratios. Calculations are obtained for spherical solid systems. The effects of hydrogenation was resulted in intensive compressive stresses near the surface of the sphere, whereas tensile stresses were occurred near its surface during dehydrogenation.     

Antibacterial PVP/cinnamon essential oil nanofibers by emulsion electrospinning

This study presents the production of antibacterial Polyvinylpyrrolidone/cinnamon essential oil (PVP/CEO) nanofibers by oil-in-water emulsion electrospinning, with solution properties such as GC-MS, conductivity, viscosity, and characterization using SEM (fiber morphology), FT-IR (chemical structure), UV-vis (release properties of CEO). In addition, the antimicrobial properties of the nanofibers are also investigated by the disc diffusion method (antimicrobial properties) using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. According to the results, the viscosity values increase with the addition of surfactant and with increased CEO concentration, but the conductivity increases until PVP1 then has decrease tendency. As concerns the fiber properties, the average fiber diameter increased with surfactant addition and CEO concentration except for PVP4. Also, the spinnability and fiber smoothness were enhanced significantly with surfactant and CEO. FT-IR analysis results verified the existence of CEO and PVP in the structure of the nanofibers. The absorbance values increased with the CEO concentration except for PVP4. Lastly, the antimicrobial results showed that 2, 3, and 4 wt% CEO concentration values are suitable for good antibacterial properties, while there is no zone formation with 1 wt% CEO concentration of PVP nanofibers. It is another important result that the antibacterial activity increases with the size of the nanofibrous material.     

Enhancing the Anhydrous Proton Conductivity of Boronic and Phosphonic Acid Functional Copolymers by Grafting With Flexible Spacers

Polymers comprised of phosphonic acid units are generally preferred for proton conducting membranes due to their high proton conductivity in humidified and anhydrous state. Polymers based on 4-vinylbenzene boronic acid and diisopropyl-p-vinylbenzyl phosphonate were synthesized and the phosphonate group was hydrolyzed. Boronic acid groups were grafted with polyethyleneglycol methyl ether (PEGME) to produce more flexible copolymers. The copolymerization and grafting reactions were verified by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The P content of the samples was analyzed with SEM–EDS. Thermograms indicate that the copolymers are thermally stable to 200 °C. In addition, grafting resulted in the inhibition of condensation of the acidic units. DSC results show that after grafting the copolymers have distinct melting temperatures corresponding to PEGME units, which are bound to the polymer. The ion exchange capacity and cyclic voltammetry of the copolymers results were measured. The proton conductivity of the copolymers was investigated in the anhydrous state. Although the copolymers have low proton conductivity (<10^?10 S/cm), they reached a value of 1.6 × 10^?6 S/cm after grafting with PEGME units. This demonstrated that the presence of flexible side units increased the proton conductivity at least five orders of magnitude. This idea can be used for designing the novel membranes for fuel cells.     

Essential elements and contaminants in tissues of commercial pelagic fish from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

BACKGROUND: It is important to determine the concentrations of essential and non‐essential metals in fish for human health. The essential elements and contaminants (Pb and Cd) were determined seasonally in the muscle and liver of some pelagic fish species round herring (Etrumeus teres), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) from the Iskenderun Bay, Eastern Mediterranean Sea. RESULTS: The Na, K, Ca and Mg were the most abundant elements in muscle and liver tissues. The Na, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in fish tissues were between 51.7 and 3426 mg kg^?1. Muscle accumulated the lowest levels of elements. Trace element and contaminant levels in muscle were highest in spring and summer. The Cu, Zn and Cr concentrations were highest in summer. The Ni, Mn and Fe concentrations were highest in spring. The maximum Pb concentrations in the muscle and liver of fish species was 0.39 and 0.80 mg kg^?1 in autumn. The maximum Cd concentration in the muscle of fish was 0.27 mg kg^?1 in spring and the maximum Cd concentration in the liver was 0.78 mg kg^?1 in summer. CONCLUSION: The Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn levels in muscle were found to be lower than permissible limits reported by various authorities. Estimated weekly and daily intake for Pb and Cd by consumption of fish muscle were far below the PTWI and PTDI values established by FAO/WHO. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

PRECIPITATION CONDITIONS OF CHEVREUL'S SALT FROM SYNTHETIC AQUEOUS CuSO4 SOLUTIONS

In this study, synthetic aqueous CuSO₄ solution was prepared at various concentrations. Chevreul's salt was precipitated by passing SO₂ through these solutions. Chevreul's salt, a mixed valence copper sulfite, Cu₂SO₃·CuSO₃·2H₂O, was characterized by XRD and SEM. The effects of parameters such as initial solution concentration, SO₂ feeding rate, reaction time, and initial solution pH on precipitation of Chevreul's salt were investigated. 2ⁿ factorial experimental design and orthogonal central composite design methods in the precipitation experiments were used. It was observed that the effective parameters on the precipitation of Chevreul's salt were initial solution concentration, SO₂ feeding rate, and initial solution pH. The optimum conditions obtained for maximum copper precipitation were: initial solution concentration 1.14 M, SO₂ feeding rate 329.35 L.h.^?1, reaction time 25 min, and initial solution pH 8.5. Constant parameters chosen at the initial stage of the reaction were: temperature 62°C, stirring speed 600 rpm, and reaction pH 3 (Çalban et al., 2006). Under these optimum conditions, the percentage of precipitated copper from synthetic aqueous CuSO₄ solutions was 99.95.     

A comparative study on monomer elution and cytotoxicity of different adhesive restoration materials

This study evaluated monomer release and cytotoxicity of different adhesive restoration materials used for dental restorations. The extracts (1, 2, and 7 days) of three types of adhesive dental restoration materials, [Quixfill (QF), Silorane Restorative (SR), and Ketac N 100 Restorative (KR)], and the adhesive resins, [XP Bond (XP), Silorane Primer (SP), Ketac N 100 Primer (KP), and Silorane Bond (SB)] were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The cytotoxicity levels were determined at different time points (24, 48, and 72 h) of cell culture using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. All adhesive resin materials showed monomer release at varying amounts with the highest release after 7 days. The lowest amount of release was observed in QF and the highest with KP. Bis-Phenol A (BPA) was not detected in SP and KR that contain bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate (bis-GMA). Decamethylpenthasiloxane (D5) was not eluted from SR. Except for SR and QF, all other adhesive restoration materials showed different degrees of toxicity along with different monomer release kinetics. The correlation between the monomer release and cytotoxicity of the materials indicated that the cytotoxicity of the materials increased with the monomer release (Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient – r). The correlation after 48 h was statistically significant (r = ?0.342, p = 0.017).     

Preparation of a new polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal film by using phthalocyanine‐functional photocurable copolymer

A new, asymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine (aZnPc)‐functional photocurable copolymer was prepared by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and copper (I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cyclo‐addition (CuAAC) click reaction and used as polymer matrix of polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film. For this purpose, aZnPc was prepared through statistical condensation of 4‐tert‐butylphthalonitrile and 4‐pent‐4‐ynyloxyphthalonitrile. Double CuAAC click reaction between azido‐functional poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐2‐(2‐bromoisobutyryloxy)‐ethyl methacrylate), terminal alkynyl‐substituted aZnPc, and 4‐ethynyl‐N,N‐dimethyl aniline yielded photocurable aZnPc‐functional copolymer. Thereby, synthesized copolymer was crosslinked in the presence of liquid crystalline mesogen 4′‐(octyloxy)‐4‐biphenylcarbonitrile by ultraviolet irradiation using benzophenone as initiator and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as difunctional crosslinker. Thermal and optical properties of PDLC film were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. Smectic A liquid crystal mesophases were observed in both PDLC film and its mesogenic component 4′‐(octyloxy)‐4‐biphenylcarbonitrile. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41574.